|
11 |
The material presented on pp. 94-103 represents
the common stock of Muslim geographical knowledge, but here (and
even more for pp. 116-66) Ibn Khaldun relies mainly upon the
Nuzhat al-mushtaq,
or, as he occasionally calls it (cf. pp. 97 and
103), the Book of Roger, by
Muhammad b. Muhammad al-ldrisi, ca.
A.D. 1099/1100-1162. Cf.
GAL, I, 477; 2d
ed., I, 628; Suppl., I, 876 f. Al-ldrisi wrote his
important geographical work for Roger II of Sicily (1129-1154).
It was completed the year Roger died. Although Ibn Khaldun's
basis is the work by al-ldrisi, he occasionally adds to the
information he found there, from his own knowledge.
No reliable text of al-Idrisi's work has so far
been published, nor do we have any translation and commentary of
the entire book that would satisfy modern scientific
requirements. An abridgment was published in Rome in 1592, and
translated by Gabriel Sionita and loannes Hesronita in Paris in
1619, under the title of Geographia
Nubensis. A rough translation of the
work was attempted by P. A. Jaubert (Paris, 1836-40).
While the whole work is thus not available in the
true sense of the word, there have been a good number of
detailed studies of small sections of it, in particular those
concerned with the marginal areas to the north. Among the older
studies, we may mention R. Dozy and M. J. de Goeje,
Description de I'Afrique et de l'Espagne
(Leiden, 1866); M. Amari and C. Schiaparelli,
L'Italia descritta net "Libro del Re
Ruggiero" (Atti della Reale Accademia
dei Lincei, Ser. 2, Vol. VIII) (Rome, 1883); J. Gildemeister in
Zeitschrlft des Deutschen Paldstina
Vereins, VIII (1885), 117-45. Some of
the recent studies are: O. J. Tallgren-Tuulio and A. M. Tallgren,
ldrisi, La Finlande et les autres pays
Baltiques orientaux in
Studia Orientalia (ed.
Societas Orientalis Fennica), 111 (1930); 0. J. Tallgren (Tuulio),
Du Nouveau sur ldrisi, ibid.,
VI 3 (1936); W. Hoenerbach,
Deutschland and seine Nachbarlander nach der
grossen Geographie des ldrisi (Bonner
Orientalistische Studien, No. 21) (Stuttgart, 1938); T. Lewicki,
La Pologne et les pays voisins dans le
"Livre de Roger" de al-ldrisi (Cracow,
1945; Warsaw, 1954); D. M. Dunlop, "Scotland According to al-ldrisi"
in Scottish Historical Review,
XXVI (1947); W. B. Stevenson, " Idrisi's Map
of Scotland," ibid., XXVII
(1948), 202-4;
A. F. L. Beeston, "Idrisi's Account of the
British Isles," Bulletin of the
British Schools of Oriental Studies, XIII
(1950), 265-80, etc.
In this section, particularly, the notes had to
be severely restricted. As a rule, no special reference is made
to the inaccuracies that were unavoidable in Ibn Khaldun's and
al-ldrisi's time, regardless of the remarkable geographical
information they possessed.
Ibn Khaldun speaks again briefly about the oceans
and zones in the Autobiography, pp.
351 ff.
|
12 |
Cf.
Issawi, pp. 38 f. |
13 |
Cf.
also p. 110, below. Ibn Khurradadhbih, in his
Masalik, prefers the
comparison to an egg yolk swimming in the white. The Rasa'il
Ikhwan assafa
(Cairo, 1347/1928), I, 114, think of a half egg submerged in
water. Al-ldrisi, too, mentions the comparison with a submerged
egg. |
14 |
Cf.
Qur'an 2.30 (28), etc., and n. 212 to Ch. m, below. |
15 |
Cf 'Ibar, VI, 98; de
Slane (tr.), 1, 187. Cf. also Ibn 'Idhari alMarrakushi,
al-Baydn al-mughrib,
ed. G, S. Colin and E. Levi-Provengal (Leiden,
1948-51), I, 6. The editors vocalize the word
al-ablayuh. De Slane
thought to find here a corruption of
Atlant(ic), which seems hardly
possible. He compared pelagos,
pelagus, which also
is very difficult, though it may be mentioned that the Latin
word pelagus
occurs in connection with Spain in the opening pages of Orosius,
whose work was translated into Arabic.
Lablayah, as the word is vocalized in
B and C, does not look like a Berber word, but may have been
derived from the Romance languages perhaps,
el mare? |
16 |
B
vocalizes Uqyanus; A, C, and D Ufyanus. |
17 |
C
has "straight" in the text; it is crossed out and replaced in
the margin by "circular." All the features that Ibn Khaldun
describes here can be easily traced on the map reproduced here,
which is identical with the one that Ibn Khaldun had in front of
him when he wrote this section. |
18 |
Iqlim, Greek klime, "clime." |
19 |
For Muslim information about the length of the
degree, see C. A. Nallino, " Il valore metrico del grado di
meridian secondo i geografi arabi," Raccolta di scritti editi
e inediti (Rome, 1939-48), V, 408 ff. The value of
seventy-five miles is credited by Arabic authors to Ptolemy (Nallino,
ibid., pp. 416 ff). Since an Arabic mil "mile" usually
can be considered to be about two kilometers, or one and a
quarter English miles more exactly, according to Nallino, 1973.2
m. this is far too large a value for the length of a degree.
However, the Muslims were familiar with much more accurate data,
as Nallino points out; and see also below, p. 113. The figure of
seventy-five miles is found, for instance, in al-Mas`udi,
Muruj adh-dhahab, III,
490 f., and in al-Idrtsi. The
standard gauge indicated above is derived from alIdrisi; cf
also al-Mas'udi, loc. cit., and Nallino, op. cit.,
V,
284.
|
20 |
Cf.
p. 105, below. Ibn Khaldun realized later on that this fact,
and, more especially, the theory of the identical latitudinal
extension of the different zones mentioned in the next
paragraph, were not safely established as he had originally
thought. Therefore he added the long discussion below, pp. 112f.
and 114 f. |
21 |
For
knowledge of Ptolemy's Geography among the Arabs, cf.
Nallino, op. Cit., V, 458 ff., and GAL, Suppl.,
I, 382. The seven-zone division is of Greek origin but is
not found in Ptolemy. Cf. E. Honigmann, Die sieben Klimata
(Heidelberg, 1929). |
22 |
See
n. 11, above, and pp. 103 and 116, below. |
23 |
The
MSS, with the exception of D, add Denia. Denia was the overlord
of the Baleares, but it is strange for Ibn Khaldun to refer to
it as an island. Since Majorca is already mentioned, Denia seems
clearly an oversight. |
24 |
Arabic Bahr Nilush, an accepted misreading for "Pontus." |
25 |
The
MSS have the spelling Hryqlyh. See also n. 191 to this
chapter, below. |
26 |
Ibn
Khaldun mentions later both Burjan and Bulghar.
Both refer to the same group. Cf. V. Minorsky,
Hudud al-alam (E. J.
W. Gibb Memorial Series, n.s. No. 11)
(Oxford & London, 1937), p. 423. |
27 |
Ibn
Khaldun's definition of the distinction between the Abyssinians
and the Zanj is found below, p. 171. |
28 |
Cf.
his Diwan, ed. W. M. de Slane (Paris, 1837), p. 27; (tr.)
p. 42. Cf. also 'Ibar, VI, 199; de Slane (tr.),
II, 107. |
29 |
This
is rather an elusive country in Muslim geography. It may be
identified with Madagascar, as would seem to apply here, or
possibly with the whole east coast of Africa, about which Muslim
geographers had no clear idea. It has also been tentatively
identified with Sumatra, and even with Japan. Cf. Minorsky, op.
cit., p. 278, and below, p. 123. |
30 |
Arabic al-Bujah, as always vocalized in the MSS. |
31 |
The mention of
Fustat shows that, basically, the information presented
here goes back to a time before the foundation of Cairo
in 969/70. |
32 |
Juddah,
as vocalized in the MSS. |
33 |
That
is, the Biblical Paran. Cf. also p. 132,
below. |
34 |
For the Iwan Kisra, to which Ibn Khaldun
repeatedly refers as an impressive monument of pre-Islamic dynasties,
see pls., iia, iib, below. |
35 |
Ibn Khaldun did not
accept the reading qamar "moon," which, as we know from Ptolemy,
is correct. Following Ibn Sa'id, he read Qumr, considered to be the
name of some "Indian" people. Cf p. 120, below. The vocalization in the
MSS seems to be Qumur. Cf. Minorsky, Huddd, p. 205. For the island of the Qmr,
meaning Java or the entire Malay Archipelago, see below, p. 123. |
36 |
See the map
(following p. 110) for the generally accepted theory as to the common
origin of the Nile and the Senegal (or the Niger), and p. 118, below.
Cf. J. H. Kramers in EI, s,v. "al-Nil." |
37 |
That is, the Syr Darya (Jaxartes). Cf. Minorsky, Huddd, p. 72. |
38 |
Cf. Minorsky,
Hudud, pp. 268 ff.;
idem, Sharaf al-ZamdnTahir Marvazi on China, the
Turks, and India (James G. Forlong Fund, No.
22) (London, 1942), pp. 106 f.; P. Kraus, Jabir
Ibn Hayyan, II, 75 (nn. 8, 5). While Kharlukh
appears to be the correct form, Ibn Khaldun reads the name as al-Khazlajiyah,
or al-Hazlajiyah. Cf. also pp. 158, 149, below. On p. 149, MS. C has
kh-z-l-khiyah. |
39 |
This is
explained below, pp.112 and 115. |
40 |
Cf.
Issawi, pp. 39 f. |
41 |
Mubammad b. Ahmad b.
Rushd, 520-595 11126-11981. Cf. GAL, I, 461 f.; Suppl., I, 833 ff. |
42 |
Translation of mu'tadil
in the usual way by "temperate" would not seem to be
correct here. The word must here be translated by "symmetrical," or the
like. This becomes clear from the discussion of Averroes' view of the
problem found in L. Gauthier, Ibn Rochd
(Paris, 1948), pp. 84 ff. Averroes argues against the
opinion advanced by Ibn Tufayl that the region
around the equator was temperate. He maintains that Ibn Tufayl
misunderstood the word mu'tadil,
which could mean both "uniform" (symmetrical) and
"temperate." Averroes further rejects the idea that the southern part
of the earth contains habitable areas comparable to those in the north.
This would seem, in effect, the direct opposite of the
opinion Ibn Khaldun here attributes to Averroes. However, the latter
came out elsewhere for the theory of a habitable area in the south,
which would be in a symmetrical position with relation to that in the
north, as we learn from Gauthier, ibid.,
pp. 87 f. Consequently, Ibn Khaldun's report on
Averroes here is incomplete in a way, misleading - but it is not
incorrect. Cf. also C. Issawi, Osiris,
X (1952), 114 f.
The idea that the equator has a temperate climate is also
mentioned in al-Biruni, Chronologie
orientalischer Volker, ed. C. E. Sachau
(Leipzig, 1878; 1923), p. 258; tr. by the same (London, 1879), p. 249.
|
43 |
The map is executed only in C and in MS.
Nuru Osmaniye, 3066, fol.
24a. The fact that even important MSS
such as A and B do not have a map would seem to show
that a special artist was required to draw it, who was not always
available.
The map in C, which we have reproduced, is identical in
nearly every detail with the map of the world in al-ldrisi's
geographical work. Al-Idrisi's world map in the Oxford
MS is reproduced in K. Miller,
Mappae Arabicae, Vol.
VI (Stuttgart, 1927), pl. it. A drawing of it is to be found,
ibid., Vol. V (Stuttgart,
1931), between pp. 160 and 161. The Istanbul MS of al-ldrisi, Koprulu,
955, contains the map on pp. 4 and 5. Cf. also the map reproduced in G.
H. T. Kimble, Geography in the Middle Ages
(London, 1938), pl. v.
|
44 |
The text of this section is that of C and D, which
incorporates Ibn Khaldun's corrections of earlier oversights. The
earlier text is printed in italic type at the foot of the pages that
follow. In the later stage of the text, asterisks mark the beginning and
end of the paralleled passages. Cf. n. 20, above. |
45 |
Cf. p. 95, above. |
46 |
See p. 112,
below. |
47 |
The reference to al-Khazini appears in the margin of C and is incorporated
in the text of D.
Nothing seems to be known about this man. This is very
strange, since he was evidently one of the older Muslim scholars, and
our information about early Arabic scientists is probably as good as Ibn
Khaldun's. He may have found him quoted in one of the works he
consulted. This al-Khazini cannot be identical with Aba Jafar al-Khazin,
because the latter is quoted below, p. 115, for different data.
|
48 |
See pp. 114
f., below. |
48a |
According to F. Boll, Studien fiber Claudius
Ptolemaus (Leipzig, 1894), pp. 189 f., Ptolemy expressed different
opinions as to the extent of the oikoumenei. In the
Tetrabiblos, and apparently also in the Almagest, he assumed
that it extended to the equator, whereas in the Geography he
determined it as extending to 16°
25' S. |
48b |
Lit., ". . . the latitudinal extension of
the first zone is 16°." |
49 |
The figures are not Ptolemy's. They ought to be
understood as indicating the limits of the zones. Thus, for instance,
the second zone is assumed to extend from 16°
N to 20° N, and so on. However, the seventh zone should, in this case,
extend to 661/2°. Obviously, the statement of the preceding
sentence, that the latitudinal extension of the northern zones is 661/2°
is wrong. That figure is the boundary of the cultivated part of the
earth. There is cultivation beyond the northern boundary of the seventh
zone which, according to this passage, extends to 48°
N.
The following computation of the extension of the zones
in miles assumes, apparently, that the figures here refer to the
extension of the zones in geographical degrees. Still, the figures are
quite wrong. They should be: 1,800; 1,333.3; 1,800; 2,200; 2,533.3;
2,866.6; and 3,200. If one corrects the figures for the second and third
zones from 2,333 and 2,790 to 1,333 and 1,790 respectively, they are
almost correct. However, as the MSS show, Ibn Khaldun certainly wrote
2,333 and 2,790.
For the latitudes of the zones, see also al-Biruni,
Kitdb at-tafhim, ed. and tr. R. R. Wright (London, 1934), p. 138. E.
Honigmann's discussion of the extension of the zones according to Arabic
geographers does not include late authors such as Ibn Khaldun. Cf.
Honigmann, Die sieben Klimata, pp.
163,
180, and 189. |
50 |
See pp. 96 f., above. |
51 |
See p. 105, above. |
51a |
Lit.,
"The latitudinal extension of the second zone is 24°. . ." |
52 |
D adds
20' (intended to replace 1/2°?). |
53 |
Abu Jafar Muhammad al-Khizin (not al-Khazini), an
astronomer of the tenth century. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 387; G.
Vajda in Rivista degli studi orientali, XXV
(1950), 8. |
54 |
D
has what is apparently an error: 55° 40'. |
55 |
Qur'an 25.2 (2). The word translated here by "determined"
or "gave it its power" is taken by Ibn Khaldun here to mean "gave it its
measurements.". |
56 |
See n. 11 to this chapter, above. It is obvious that in
the following description, Ibn Khaldun relied upon the sectional maps
that accompanied al-ldrisi's work. They are reproduced in Vol. VI of K.
Miller, Mappae Arabicae. |
57 |
The works of all these authors are preserved.
For 'Ubaydallah b. 'Abdallah b. Khurradadhbih, who lived
in the first half of the ninth century, see
GAL, I, 225 f.; Suppl., 1, 404.
For Abu1-Qasim b. Hawqal, of the tenth century, see GAL,
I,
229; Suppl., I, 408. A new edition of his work was made by J. H. Kramers (Leiden,
1938-39).
For Ahmad b. 'Umar al-'Udhri, 593-478 [1003-1085], see E. LeviProvencal,
La Peninsule Ibirique (Leiden,
1938), p. xxiv (n. 2); F. Rosenthal, A History
of Muslim Historiography, p. 409 (n. 4). (A
forthcoming edition of al-'Udhri's work is announced in
Revue de l'Institut des Manuscrits Arabes,
I (1955), 343. It was not known heretofore that
the work was preserved.)
For Ishaq al-Munajjim, whose eleventh century dates are
rather uncertain, see GAL, Suppl., I,
405; R. Frye in Journal of
Near Eastern Studies, VIII (1949), 90-97.
|
58 |
This information is not from al-Idrisi. Consequently,
the century in which the event mentioned occurred would seem to be that
in which Ibn Khaldun wrote. Cf. R. Hennig,
Terrae Incognitae (Leiden, 1944-56), III, 248
fl. |
59 |
'Aysh,
originally "life." |
60 |
The distinction between
the two terms is approximately that between sailors of the high seas and
those of coastal waters. |
61 |
Arabic kunbas. |
62 |
See
p. 101, above. |
63 |
The island of Arguin, southeast of Cape Blanco. Cf. R.
Hennig, "Die atlantische 'Salzinsel' der arabischen mittelalterlichen
Geographen," Der Islam, XXVI (1942), 58-63. |
64 |
De Slane, it seems, thought of Sili on the Black
Volta. However, in the absence of further indications as to the
situation of the city, this identification is as uncertain as any other
that might be suggested. |
65 |
Senegal Negroes, known today as Tukulor. Cf. M. Delafosse in
EI, s.v. "Takrur." |
66 |
For
this once important city in the western Sudan, cf. G. Yver in
EI, s.v. "Ghana." |
67 |
The people of the Mandingo (Malinke) empire.
Cf. H. Labouret in EI, s.v. "Mali," and
s.v. "Mandingo."
For information about Ghanah and the Mali, Gawgaw, and
Takrur, cf. G. Ferrand, "Le Tuhfat al-albab
de Abu Hamid al-Andalusi al-Garnati,"
Journal asiatique, CCVII (1925), 41 f., 249 fl. Cf. also 'Ibar, VI, 198 ff.; de Slane (tr.), II, 109 ff. Ibn
Khaldun's source here is Ibn Sa'id. Cf., further, M. Meyerhof in
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, XXX (1937), 670 f.; and
idem in Journal of the Royal Egyptian
Medical Association, XXIV (1941), 284-86. |
68 |
Cf. p. 168, below. |
69 |
According to E. Laoust in Hesperis, XVIII (1934), 117, this place name is to be
connected with Berber agrur,
meaning "heap of stones," among other things. |
70 |
Cf. also 'Ibar, VI, 59, 103; de Slane (tr.), I, 116, 198. |
71 |
Ibn Khaldun repeats
this information in 'Ibar, IV,
99, and V, 433. |
72 |
This
is the way the name of this Negro people is vocalized in B and
C. |
73 |
Cf.
'Ibar, VI,
200; de Slane (tr.), II, 110. |
74 |
Cf.
G. Yver in EI,
s.v. "Kanem." |
75 |
The spelling is indicated in C. See n. 185 to Ibn Khaldun's Introduction, above. |
76 |
Bulaq: Zaghawah. A
seems to have here the wrong form, Zaghawah (!), but later on has
Zaghawah. B has the usual form Zaghawah, but indicates that the word
should be corrected to Zaghay, as we find it in C and D and on the map.
See also p. 125, below. Some bibliographical information on the
present-day Zaghawah of the Sudan may be found in H. A. Wieschhoff,
Anthropological Bibliography of Negro Africa (American Oriental
Series, No. 23) (New Haven, 1948), p.
456. |
77 |
The r in the
name is attested as Ibn Khaldun's reading in all texts. The maps of al-Idrisi
have w (Tadjoua = Dageou?); cf. M. Reinaud, Geographie d'Aboulfeda
(Paris, 1848-83),111, 224. |
78 |
"Above" and "below"
on Arabic maps correspond to south and north. For the southern
"orientation" of Arabic maps, see the remarks by G. Ferrand, Journal
asiatique, CCVII (1925), 88 f., who states that it also occurs in
Chinese and some medieval Western maps. Its origin seems to be as
obscure as that of our northern orientation. Aristotle
De coelo 285b 22-24,
may have
served as an inspiration for and justification of both. In the following
pages, the words "above" and "below" have as a rule been translated
"south" and "north," respectively. |
79 |
The edition of this
work by F. Wustenfeld (Gottingen, 1846), has an entry al-qumr,
which, however, does not contain the information Ibn Khaldun
mentions here. Cf. also Yaqut, Mu'jam al-buldan, ed. Wustenfeld (Gottingen,
1866-73), IV, 862, I. 20, where the source of the
Nile is said to be in the "land of the Qmr." |
80 |
On this
thirteenth-century historian, an important source for Ibn Khaldun in
many respects, see n, 58 to Ibn Khaldun's Introduction, above,
and 9:445 (n. 1810), below. |
81 |
Cf.
p. lot, above. |
82 |
The reference to Rosetta is a later addition in B and C,
but is found already in Bulaq and A. |
83 |
A medieval country in the area of modern Khartum. Cf.
J. S. Trimingham, Islam in the Sudan (Oxford University Press,
1949), pp. 72 ff. D has Ghalwah, as one finds sometimes. |
84 |
This is the form in
which the name appears in the MSS. It has been read Bilaq, the island of
Philae near Assuan, but the indications given here and in al-Idrisi do
not fit that reading. |
85 |
B and C add here (in the margin): "after passing
opposite Mogadishu on the southern coast of the Indian Ocean." This is
nonsensical. |
86 |
Cf., for instance, J. S. Trimingham, op. cit.,
index, s.v. |
87 |
For Haly, cf. H. C. Kay, Yaman (London, 1892),
p. 166; Yaqut, Mujam al-buldan, II, 827. |
88 |
This sentence and the first six words of the next appear
in the margin of B and C and in the text of D. |
89 |
See p. 99, above. |
90 |
On Jazirat al-Qumr, cf. n. 85 to this chapter, above. |
91 |
As-Silo. Cf.
Minorsky-Marvazi, p. 89. (See n. 38 to this chapter, above.) |
92 |
See n. 9 to this chapter, above. |
93 |
Near Zabid. Cf. Yaqut, Mujam al-buldan, IV, 692;
'Ibar,
IV, 103. |
94 |
The MSS have Khinku. Al-Idrisi appears to have Khanqu.
Therefore, k may represent an attempt at interpreting q as g, possibly
under the influence of some recollection of the name of the other
Chinese city which the older geographers mention with this one, namely,
Khinju. Cf., for instance, alBirunl, Kitdb at-Tafhlm,
p. 143. Q in
Khinqu is now commonly considered to be a misreading of Khanfu, Canton.
Cf. W. Barthold in EI, s.v. " Khanfu," and Minorsky-Marvazi, pp. 22, 82. |
95 |
Apparently, Kanuri of Bornu. |
96 |
This is
the vocalization of the MSS. |
97 |
Bulaq
corrects to the well-known Guzulah. Cf. 2:197, below. |
98 |
Bulaq corrects to the well-known Zanitah
group of Misritah. |
99 |
See n. 77 to this chapter, above. |
100 |
For
Siwa and its medieval Arabic name Santariyah, cf. E. Laoust in
El, s.v. "Siwa." |
101 |
Both Jurash and Tabalah are described as belonging to the
Tihamah and the Yemen. |
102 |
Also called at-Tabaran. Cf. Ibn Khurradadhbih,
Kitdb al-Masalik wa1-mamulik,
p. 55 (text); p. 37 (tr.). |
103 |
Ballahra appears to be a royal
title (Vallabharaya?). As the name of a country, it seems to refer to
the Deccan. Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, p.
238; Minorsky-Marvazi, p. 146. |
104 |
Cf. Minorsky-Marvazi, pp. 48 f., 149. |
105 |
Al-Qandahar. Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, p.
254;
Minorsky-Marvazi, p. 152 (n. 3). Instead of "east," one should read
"north." |
105a |
The obviously incorrect addition of:
"extending to the Surrounding Sea," is eliminated in D. In C it appears
as a marginal addition. At the end of the paragraph, "zone" is a mistake
for "section." |
106 |
It
has been suggested that this is identical with the
above-mentioned Canton (Khayghun < Khayfun <Khanfun <Khanfu [Khanfu]). |
107 |
Arabic
Daran;
Dyrin,
Addirin in
classical geographical literature: Strabo xvii. 825; Pliny v. 73. Cf.
Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, s.v.
"Durnus," "Dyrin." Daran is to be connected with the
pl. idraren of Berber
adrar "mountain."
Cf., for instance, G. Mercier, Journal
asiatique, CCV (1924), 264. Modern Berbers use
the form dren
(adrar n dren).
Cf. L. Justinard, "Textes Chleuh de loued Nfis," in
Memorial H. Basset
(Paris, 1928), I, 133 (n. 1). Cf. also R. Thouvenot, "La Montagne
Marocaine chez Pline l'Ancien," Hesperis, XXVI
(1939), 118. |
108 |
In
Vol. VI of the 'Ibar. |
109 |
Or Missat, Miss At.
Cf. also p. 326 and 2:196 f., below. |
110 |
Cf. E. Levi-Provencal in
EI, s.v. "al-Sus al-Aksa ." |
111 |
For the i vowel in the first syllable, cf. Abmad Bibi,
Jtayl al-ibtihaj, pp.
140 f.: al-Jidmiwi.
Cf. also the spelling Kydmiwah
in 'Ibar, VI,
228, if the text is correct. |
112 |
Spelled with s, with a z written
underneath. Cf. p. 67, above, and 2:197, below. Cf., further, 'Ibar,
VI, 205; de Slane (tr. ), 11, 122; G. S.
Colin, Hesperis, X
(1930), 110. |
112a |
Bulaq has "north," and C had "north" in the
text, but in the margin we find "north" corrected to "east." "North" is
correct, but possibly Ibn Khaldun himself made the wrong change. |
113 |
Today Alcazarquivir,
according to I. S. Allouche, Hespiris, XXV
(1938), 2. |
114 |
Spelled with
s with a z written
underneath. Cf. above, p. 67. |
115 |
Cf. p.
lii, above. |
116 |
Sic correctly Bulaq, but A, B, C, and D have "section." |
116a |
Cf., for instance, W. Hoenerbach, Das
nordafrikanische Itinerar des Abdari (Abhandlungen fur die Kunde
des Morgenlandes, No. 25) (Leipzig, 1940), p. 161. |
117 |
Of the several Zawilah in the area mentioned by Yiqut,
Mu jam albuldan, II, 960 f., none, according to Yaqut, is
qualified by Ibn Khattab. Cf., however, the information given by Ibn
l.awgal in his geographical work, ed. J. H.
Kramers, I, 106. |
118 |
The doubling of the
second consonant is indicated in the MSS, but the vocalization of this
name and that of the following Ruwahah is uncertain. Some information is
found in 'Ibar, VI, 72 f.; de Slane (tr.), I, 136 f. Cf. also
Hoenerbach, op. cit., p. 159. |
119 |
B and C vocalize Zaftah. |
120 |
Sic
according to the correction suggested by Quatremere. The original
Trwt is
corrected in B
and C to
Dhrwt.
D has D as the first consonant. |
121 |
Doubtful. |
122 |
The MSS vocalize
al-Farma. |
123 |
Cf. Qur'an 5.26 (29). Cf. pp. 288 and 344, below. |
124 |
Or 'Irqah. Cf. G. Wiet in Journal asiatique, XI 18 (1921), 112 f. |
125 |
This mountain is different from Mount as-Sarah in Arabia,
mentioned by the Arab geographers. Ash-Sharah is apparently
identical with the element Shard
occurring in the name of the Nabataean deity Dusares. Cf.
also pp. 409 and 420, below, and 'Ibar, II, 211. |
126 |
See pp. 407 f., below. |
126a |
The description would hardly fit the Jordan
depression. On al-Idrisi's sectional map, the legend
Bilad al-Ghawr min ash-Sha'm starts at the Jordan and continues left almost
up to Adhri'it. This explains Ibn Khaldun's statement. |
127 |
It should be north. On al-Idrisi s sectional map,
Ba'lbakk is located northeast of Damascus. |
128 |
The MSS and editions of the Muqaddimah have a
final n. B and C vocalize ar-Suman. Ibn Khaldun may have
thought again of the aforementioned as-Sammin. The correction ad-Dimir,
suggested by de Slane in his translation, supplies a locality that would
fit into the context (cf. Yaqut,
op. cit., III,
479). |
129 |
Kufich, in its Persian form.
Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, p. 374. |
130 |
As indicated by al-Idrisi and the geographers, this
is the plural of zamm, meaning "district, habitat." The
geographical handbooks often list the word under r, but z is
clearly indicated here and is the correct form. Cf. M. J. de Goeje,
Indices . . . (Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, No. 4) (Leiden,
1879), pp. 251 f.; idem
(ed.),
Ibn Khurradidhbih, Kitab al-Masalik wa-l-mamalik, p.
47. In the latter passage, de Goeje refers to Kurdish xdmah
as the original word. Cf. also H. L. Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften
(Leipzig, 1888), II, 546. |
131 |
The MSS add: "and
Quhistan" (or: "and Quhistan is"). However, Quhistan is merely the
Arabic spelling of Kuhistan |
132 |
B, C, and D vocalize
al-Khulkh. Cf. p. 149, below, and esp. the Khulukh Turks, p. 161, below. It was thought that
this people were identical with the Kharlukh, but Minorsky, Hudud,
pp. 347 f., maintains the distinctive character of the names Khalaj and
Kharlukh (Khallukh). |
133 |
Cf. Minorsky,
Hudud, p.
359. |
134 |
Wakhsh-ab
"River of Wakhsh" is the part of the Amu Darya system
that furnished the Greeks with the name of Ores. For the Oxus in
history, cf. also J. Markwart, Wehrot and Arang
(Leiden, 1938). |
135 |
Cf. Ibn Khurradadhbih,
Kitdb
al-Masalik wa-l-mamalik, p.
34 (text);
p. 24 (tr.). |
135a |
As the sectional map of al-Idrisi shows, the Wakhshab flows into the Oxus south of at-Tirmidh, and the river of the country of
Wakhsh north of it. |
136 |
Identical with the unnamed river mentioned in Minorsky, Hudud, p.
71? |
136a |
In the fourth zone. |
137 |
See n. 38 to this chapter,
above, and p. 149, below. |
138 |
Bulaq adds: "also to the end of the section." |
139 |
Ibn Khaldun pronounced the name Bagharghar.
However, below, p. 172, he had the form al-Tagharghar. For the
Tughuzghuz, cf. Minorsky, Hudud,
pp. 263 ff. |
140 |
Ibn Khaldun
pronounced the name Kharkhir, or Khirkhir. Cf. Minorsky,
Hudud,
pp.
282 ff.;
Minorsky-Marvazi, pp. 104 f. |
141 |
Cf. Minorsky, Hudud,
pp. 304 ff.; Minorsky-Marvazi, p. 107. |
142 |
See n. 9 to this chapter, above. |
143 |
This location is usually thought to be the site of the
above-mentioned al-Qa,r as-saghir (p. 129), nor can it have been far
from it. |
144 |
For this geographical name, cf. E. Levi-Provengal,
La Pininsule Ibirique, p. 75 (n.
1), and the same scholar's edition of an-Nubahi,
Histoire des Juges d'Andalousie intitulee Kitab al-Markaba al 'ulya [al-Marqabah al-`ulyd]
(Cairo, 1948), p. 82. However, the MSS
definitely indicate t and not b. It is difficult to assume
that Ibn Khaldun was not familiar enough with the geography of this
particular part of Spain to avoid a mistake here. Therefore, de Slane's
identification with Montillo cannot be ruled out. |
145 |
Evora is west of Badajoz and Merida. |
146 |
Cf. E. Levi-Provencal,
La Peninsule Iberique, p. 167, where an identification with Guijo, northwest of Pedroche, is suggested, and the edition of anNubahl,
p. 238, where Ghafiq is identified with Belacazar. |
147 |
Bulaq has Tortosa. |
148 |
This
is not correct. "East," as we find in the Paris edition, is no
better. |
149 |
E.
Levi-Provencal,
La Peninsule Iberique, p. 126. |
150 |
"And" seems a necessary correction of Bulaq.
The other texts have "north
of." |
151 |
Jabal al-burtat
"Mountain of the Gates (porta)." |
152 |
It corresponds to the Taurus. Cf. M. Canard,
Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides (Algiers, 1951), 1, 255.
For the Durub, ibid., I, 243. |
153 |
I.e., Antartus, Antaradus. |
154 |
For Masyat (Magyad,
Malyaf, Mayab), cf. R. Dussaud, Topographie historique de la Syrie
antique et midievale (Bibliotheque archeologique et historique, No.
4) (Paris, 1927), p. 143. |
155 |
When the Muqaddimah
was being written, the ruling Ottoman was Murid I b. Orkhan. |
155a |
Ibn Khaldun
certainly read Ankara, but this is impossible. Bulaq has al-Ma'arrah,
which is equally wrong but shows that Ibn Khaldun might have had some
other reading than Ankara in his earliest text. The sectional maps of
al-Idrisi have the correct reading Zibatrah. A misreading Ankara, for
Zibatrah, which already in the time of al-Idrisi had been in ruins for
centuries, is easily explained. |
155b |
This village is mentioned in Ibn
Khurradadhbih, Kitab al-Masalik wa-l-mamalik,
p. 72 (text), where the editor suggests that
it be read ar-Rabb. |
156 |
This is a corruption of al-Bahlawiyin "Pahlavis
(Parthia)," which appeared in the older geographers. Cf. Ibn Khurradidhbih,
op. cit., p. 57 (text); p. 38 (n.
3) (tr.). |
157 |
Cf. Minorsky, Hudud,
pp. 202 f. |
158 |
Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, p. 398. |
159 |
The reference to the Black Sea is out of
place here. |
160 |
Bistam is in Khurasan. |
161 |
Cf.
A. Jakoubovsky in
EI Supplement,
s.v. "Merw al-Shahidjan." |
162 |
B
and C vocalize Zum. B has ay-ahiriyah, instead of at-Tahiriyah. |
163 |
Cf. Minorsky,
Hudud, p. 356. |
163a |
The reference to Khujandah, which was mentioned
before as situated in the southeast of the section, cannot be correct.
The sectional maps of alIdrisi read Kunjdih. Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, p. 119. |
164 |
Now Sayram. |
165 |
Talas. Cf. Minorsky,
Hudud,
p. 358. |
166 |
They are possibly
different from the Khalaj (p. 136, above), but, in spite of this
passage, they may be identical with the Kharlukh (p. 103, n. 98 to this
chapter, and p. 138, above). |
167 |
O. J. Tallgren
(Tuulio), Studia Orientalia, VI3
(1936),
170, suggests an
identification of Qufaya with Ptolemy's Ripaia. |
168 |
Though there are many small Montemayors in
Spain, in this region and elsewhere, de Slane's identification with
Montemor-o-velho in Portugal is certainly correct. |
169 |
The MSS indicate
t instead of
n, as the first consonant of
the name. |
170 |
Or perhaps
Perigueux? If this place and Poitou (and not Poitou and Gascogne) are
referred to as mentioned before, it was probably confused by Ibn
Khaldun with Burgos. |
171 |
Mont Jun, apparently identical with Mons Jovis,
Montjoux, St. Bernard. Cf. W. Hoenerbach, Deutschland and seine
Nachbarlander nach der grossen Geographie des Idrisi, p. 38 (n. 45). |
172 |
For haykal
meaning "temple, effigy, large object," or
"monument," see below, pp. 354, 356 ff., 2:235, 238 ff., 249, 258, 260,
859, and 3:132. |
173 |
Cf. G. Levi
Della Vida in Journal of the American Oriental Society, LXIII
(1943), 184ff. |
174 |
Bulaq corrects the
text by adding: "It (the Adriatic Sea) enters from the south." De Slane
has the slightly better suggestion that "south" should be understood in
the sense of "west." However, a glance at the map shows why Ibn Khaldun
speaks here of Venice as situated south of the Adriatic Sea (even if its
location is described differently later on). No case in support of
"Surrounding Sea" can be made. It should read "Mediterranean." |
175 |
This refers to the Gulf of Taranto and the
heel of the Italian boot. |
176 |
According to
Hoenerbach, op. cit., p. 31 (n. 28), al-ldrisi designates by bilad ankbarda
"country of the Lombards," the Lombard principalities in Apulia, whereas
anbardiya "Lombardy" means Lombardy proper. |
177 |
In the older geographers,
the form was an-natulus "Anatolia." Cf. Ibn
Khurradidhbih,
Kitab al-Masalik wa-l-mamalik, p.
107. |
178 |
C and D vocalize
Bursah. |
178a |
Cf. M. Canard, Histoire de la dynastie
des H'amdanides, I, 250 f., 262 ff. |
179 |
"Mount" may be wrong, but Ibn Khaldun apparently called the mountain
where the Qubaqib was supposed to originate "Mount Qubaqib." On al-Idrisi's
sectional map, this mountain is called Jabal Nadhan (? ). The reading
is uncertain. Cf. E. Honigmann, Byzantion, X
(1953), 153. |
180 |
Cf. Minorsky,
Hudud,
pp. 420 f. |
181 |
Seen. 96 to Ibn Khaldun's Introduction, above. |
182 |
Cf. W.
Barthold in El, s.v. "Arran." |
183 |
The Sarir have been identified with the Avars.
Sarir "throne" is an abridged form for "Master of the
Throne," as their ruler was known to the Arabs. Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, pp. 447 fr. |
184 |
The parenthesis is a marginal note
in B and C, and is found incorporated in the text of D. Cf. also the
Autobiography, p.
358.The Turkish tribes are again discussed by Ibn Khaldun,
following alldrisi, in 'Ibar, V,
569 f. |
185 |
Shiyah is always
indicated in the MSS. Siydh,
Persian "black," would be more correct. The Persian form
of Mount Shiyah, Siyah Kuh, appears below, p. 161. |
186 |
Lake of Qaraqum? |
187 |
Mugojar Mountains (see Minorsky,
Uudud, p. 202, and map vn)?
Turkish kar
means "snow."
|
188 |
Cf. Minorsky, k uddd, p.
547. |
188a |
Nisfihi,
as in Bulaq and in A, B, C, and D, is the correct reading
and requires the above translation. |
189 |
Cf. Hoenerbach,
Deutschland and seine Nachharlknder . . . , p.
73. |
189a |
Lewicki,
La Pologne
. . . , II,
179 f., 99 ff., corrects Jathuliyah to something like
Macedonia (Serbia and Bulgaria), and the following Jarminiyah, which
could hardly be Germany, to Rumania, Romania (see n. 531 to Ch. in). |
190 |
C indicates, however, that the s is vowelless. Cf.
Minorsky-Marvazi, p. 120, where reference is made to the attempted
identifications with Mesemvria and with the Arabic word meaning "dam." |
191 |
See n. 25 to this chapter, above. Here, the
spelling is Hrqlyh. In B, this is gained by correction from
Hrqlh. |
192 |
See
n. 26 to this chapter, above. |
193 |
Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, p. 315. |
194 |
They
have been identified with the Finnish Moksha-Mordva. Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, pp. 462 ff; Minorsky-Marvazi, p. 109; J. Hrbek, Archiv Orientalni, XXIII
(1955), 129. |
195 |
Cf.
A. Zeki Validi Togan, Ibn Fadlan's Reisebericht
(Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, No. 24) (Leipzig,
1939), pp. 68 (n. 2), 191 H., 298 (n.1). |
196 |
Jabal Shiyah Ku(ya)h.
See n. 185 to this chapter, above. |
197 |
Cf. Minorsky, Hudud, pp. 318 f. |
198 |
Cf. Minorsky, Huddd, pp. 312 ff; Minorsky-Marvazi, pp. 102 f. |
199 |
See
n. 132 to this chapter, above. |
200 |
A. Zeki Validi Togan,
op. cit., p. 61 (n.
2), suggests that the term originally referred to the color or quality
of the soil (black humus). |
201 |
Cf. Minorsky,
Huddd, pp.
300 ff. |
201a |
Cf. above, p. 158, and below, p. 163. |
202 |
Cf. Kitab al-Masalik
wa-l-mamalih, pp. 162 ff. (text); pp. 124
ff. (tr.). Cf. also F. Rosenthal,
Journal of the American Oriental Society, LXXI
(1951), 138. For Ibn Khurradadhbih as a source for
al-Idrisi, seen. 57 to this chapter, above. |
203 |
The vowel of the first syllable is entirely uncertain. Raslandah has been identified with Iceland or Ireland, but is
considered an unidentified part of Scotland by W. B. Stevenson,
Scottish Historical Review, XXV II
(1948), 202-4. |
204 |
Cf. O. J. Tallgren (Tuulio),
Studia Orientalia, VI
3 (1936),
82 f. |
205 |
Ibn Khaldun read
Faymdzak or the like (perhaps
rather, Faymdzak),
which suggested something Turkish to him. For the reading Finmirk =
Finland, cf. Tallgren, ibid., pp.
119 ff. |
206 |
Tavastland, Hame. Cf. Tallgren,
ibid., pp.
122 ff. |
207 |
Cf. Tallgren,
ibid., pp.
124 f. Ibn Khaldun's
spelling looks like that of Raslindah, in the second section. |
207a |
The dots used in C
in connection with the verb (wa-tantahi) make it certain that Russia (and not the section) is
meant. However, the statement is hardly correct. On the sectional map of
al-Idrisi, the "continuation of the land of the Magians" would seem to
lie between Russia and the Surrounding Sea. |
208 |
Tallgren, p. 163,
compares Tyrambe, a city on the Sea of Azov, mentioned by Ptolemy V. 8. |
209 |
Tallgren, pp. 170 ff., reads
Biarma, which seems very plausible. |
210 |
Cf.
Minorsky,
Hudud, pp. 217 f. No
identification has been suggested. The MSS seem to have
`-nnun or `-tun, but
`ayn is certainly not correct. |
211 |
Lit., "dug." |
211a |
Grammatically, this pronoun can refer only to the
land of Magog, and the second "it" to the sea. However, al-ldrisi's
sectional map shows that it is the sea which is not very wide and oblong
in shape and surrounds the land of Magog. |
212 |
Cf. Qur'anic verses such as 2.164 (159); 3.190 (187); 45.3-5 (2-4). |
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