97

Cf. Issawi, pp. 108 f. 

98

Cf. p. 263, above.

99

Muldlabah might be more simply translated "aggression," but it should be kept in mind that it is a legal term, translatable as "action." Cf. D. Santillana, Istituzioni di diritto musulmano malichita, lI, 3, 554.

100

Cf. pp. 91 f., above.

101

Bulaq adds: "has reached a certain rank, he aspires to the next higher one (and so on When he then...."

102

Qur'an 2.251 (252).

103

While the following two examples concern dynasties that made them­selves independent, the first example is not quite of the same order. Ibn Khaldun himself considers the Turks usurpers of control over the 'Abbasid rulers. The reference to the 'Alids (Fatimids) in connection with the Hamdanids also does not appear to be exactly to the point.