|
193 |
Cf. Issawi, pp. 148-30.
382 |
194 |
It may be noted that the
same word is used also as a technical term of quite a different
meaning, namely, "habit." Cf. p. lxxxiv, above. |
195 |
Cf. pp. 314 ff., above. |
195a |
"To follow the weakest
among you" is the recommended procedure for the prayer leader.
Cf. Ibn Hanbal, Musnad (Cairo, 1313/1895), IV, 217;
al-Hakim, Mustadrak, I, 199, 201. |
196 |
Ziyad b. Abihi, who was Mu'awiyah's governor of
the 'Iraq and is alleged to have been Mu'iwiyah's half brother,
was born in the first year of the Hijrah and died in 53 [673].
Though a very young man at the time, he had some official
positions and is supposed somehow to have acted as governor in
al-Bqrah in the last year of 'Umar's life. The historians report
encounters between him and 'Umar in which he is depicted as a
smart young man. However, our estimate of how accurate Ibn
Khaldun's story is must await discovery of its source.
In the absence of an express statement by the
Prophet, a statement by 'Umar may be considered to express
adequately the intention of the "Lawgiver" himself. But cf. p.
398, below, and the fact that Ibn Khaldun, in using the term
"lawgiver," occasionally thinks of it as a general term, not one
restricted to the Lawgiver, Muhammad. |
197 |
Cf. the beginning
of section 23 and 2:103 fl:, below? |
198 |
This theme dominates all Graeco-Muslim works on
ethics. Cf., for instance, F. Rosenthal, "On the Knowledge of
Plato's Philosophy in the Islamic World," Islamic Culture,
XIV (1940), 416 ff. |
199 |
Qur'an 3.47 (42), etc. |
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