|
210 |
Ibn Khaldun's legal view regarding the
history of the institution of the caliphate is expressed in connection
with the case of an 'Abbasid who claimed the caliphate before Timur in 1401.
Cf.
Autobiography, pp.
374 ff.; W. J. Fischel, Ibn Khaldun and
Tamerlane, pp. 40 f. |
211 |
The following paragraph is
found in the margin of C and in the text of D. It embodies a strange and
noteworthy concession to actual circumstances in the matter of Muslim
political theory. |
212 |
Qur'an 2.30 (28); 6.165 (165);
35.39 (37). |
213 |
Cf.
Issawi, pp. 102
f.; and pp. 92
f., above. |
214 |
Cf. n. 9 to Ch. 1, above. |
215 |
Al-Agamm is
a rather conspicuous figure among the early Mu`tazilah who lived
ca.
800. His opinion on the
caliphate is also referred to by alMawardi,
al-Ahkam as-sultaniyah, at the beginning
of the work where the rational necessity of the caliphate is discussed.
Cf. pp. 9 f. of the edition,
Cairo, 1298/1881.
For the Kharijite
views, cf. T. W. Arnold in EI, s.v. "Khalifa." |
216 |
Cf. n. 189
to this chapter, above. |
217 |
Cf. p. 415,
below. |
218 |
Cf.
pp. 417 and
422. |
219 |
A
"community duty" (fard al-kifayah)
is
fulfilled
when some members of the Muslim community comply with it, in contrast to
"individual duties" (fard al-'ayn),
such as
the daily prayers, which every responsible (mukallaf)
Muslim
must carry out. |
220 |
Cf.
Bombaci, pp. 447 f. The
"competent" Muslims are those having authority and "executive power," as
the Arabic term used here is usually rendered in this translation. |
221 |
Qur'an
4.59 (62). |
222 |
The text
from here to p. 394,1. 26, did not
exist in the earlier stages of the
Muqaddimah.
It
appears on an inserted sheet in B and is found in the margin of C and in
the text of D. |
223 |
Cf.
Muslim, Sahih
(Calcutta, 1265/1849), 11,
193 ff, and
esp. 312 and
307, where we
find traditions such as: "if the oath of allegiance has been rendered to
two caliphs, kill one of them," or another saying that the oath of
allegiance to caliphs should be rendered to one at a time. |
224 |
Cf. n.
256 to Ch.
1, above. |
225 |
Abu l-Ma'ali'Abd-al-Malik
b. 'Abdallah al-Juwayni, 419-478
[102810851. Cf.
GAL, I,
388 f.; Suppl., I, 671 ff. The
reference is to Kitab al-Irshad
(Cairo,
1369/1950), p. 425. |
226 |
Cf.
pp. 465 ff.,
below. |
227 |
The
Malikite Mubammad b. 'All, who was born
ca.
459 [10611 and died
in 536 [1141]. Cf.
GAL, Suppl., I,
663. |
228 |
Muhyi-ad-din
Yabya b. Sharaf, 631-676
[1233-12771. Cf.
GAL, I,
394 ff.;
Suppl., I,
680 ff. |
229 |
If the
text is correct and I understand it correctly, Ibn Khaldun means to say
that al-Mazari and an-Nawawi also were inclined to admit two imams under
certain circumstances, and any argument against them did not refer to
the alleged existence of a general consensus in this matter, but had
merely Muslim's traditions to go on. However, the text should possibly
be corrected to radda 'alayhi
or
radda 'ald <Imam al-haramayn> al-Imam,
meaning
that the imam al-Mazari and an-Nawawi refuted the Imam al-Haramayn (not with
reference to a general consensus but) with reference to the traditions.
The
problem could easily be solved by finding out the opinions of alMizari
and an-Nawawi in this matter from their works, but I have not had the
opportunity to do so.
|
230 |
Cf. 3:44,
63, and 144, below. |
231 |
Qur'an 21.22 (22). |
232 |
Cf.
n. 107 to Ibn Khaldun's Introduction, above. |
233 |
D has an
addition referring to leadership in worldly affairs, which is also found
in C but deleted there. |
234 |
The
"hall" (saqifah) of the Banu Sa'idah, in which Abu Bakr's
elevation to the caliphate was decided. Cf. also below, p. 403. For Sa'd
b. 'Ubadah, cf. K. V. Zettersteen in EI, s.v. |
235 |
In
addition to the historians, cf. also Concordance, I, 103a,11. 6
f. |
236 |
Cf.
Handbook, p. 109a. |
237 |
Cf.
Concordance, I,
401a, III,13a,11. 6 fl.; Ibn Hisham, Sirah, p. 1007. |
238 |
Cf. al-Bukhari,
Sahih, II, 382; Handbook, pp. 128 f. |
239 |
This
statement represents Kharijite doctrine. It is enumerated, together
with a great number of related statements, by al-Muttaqi al-Hindi,
Kanz al-'ummal (Hyderabad, 1312/1894-95), III, 197, No. 2990. |
240 |
Cf.
Bombaci, p. 448. |
241 |
According
to the historians, 'Umar is supposed to have made this statement on his
deathbed. Cf. at-Tabari,.,lnnales, I, 2776 f.
Cf. al-Baqillani,
Tamhid, p. 179, where the objection is understood to refer to
accepting Silim's advice. The biographers report that Salim acted as prayer leader in the first days of
Muslim settlement in Medina, but do not mention 'Umar's statement. Cf.
al-Bukhari, Ta'rikh, II, 108; Ibn Sa'd,
Tabaqat, III, 60-62; Ibn Hajar, Isabah, II, 108 ff., No. 3049.
|
242 |
Cf. n. 79 to Ch. ii, above. |
243 |
This refers
to the discussion that follows, of the importance of group feeling for
the caliphate. |
244 |
Al-Baqillani, Tamhid, pp. 181
f., definitely considers Qurashite origin a condition of the
caliphate. |
245 |
Normally;
the Arabic text would suggest the translation
"Kitab as-siyar
and other
(books)," which does not make much sense. The above translation is also
suggested by C, which vocalizes
wa-ghayruhu. Cf.
p. 7 (n.
so),
above.
Ibn Ishaq's work is usually referred to as the
Sirah
(Biography of
Mubammad),
but cf. also n. lo15 to this
chapter, below. |
246 |
Muhammad b.
'Umar, 543 or 544 to 606 [1148/49 or 1149/50 to 1209/101. He
is more generally referred to as Fakhr-ad-din ar-Razi. Cf. GAL,
I, 506
ff.; Suppl.,
I, 920 ff. |
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