|
433 |
Cf. Issawi, p. 115; G. Surdon and L.
Bercher, Recueil de testes de
sociologie (Algiers, 1951),
pp. 86-96, translating our pp. 3-19 and 35-37. |
434 |
Cf. also p. 199, below. |
435 |
Cf 1:463, above. |
436 |
Cf. 1:464, above. |
437 |
Lit., "caring for (influencing) the
hearts .. ," |
437a |
Cf. the similar saying ascribed to
Lugman in al-Mubashshir, Mukhtar al-hikam,
Spanish tr.
H. Knust, Mittheilungen aus dem
Eskurial (Bibliothek des
Litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, No. 141) (Tdbingen,1879), pp. 339
f. Cf. also al-Jahiz, Kitab
Kitman as-sirr, in
Majma' Rasa'il al-Jazi,
ed. P. Kraus and M. T.
al-Hajiri (Cairo, 1943), p. 41. |
438 |
Qur'an 20.28-32 (30-33). |
439 |
Sakk
means both diplomas conferring privileges
and checks, i.e., notes entitling the bearer to some kind of
payment. |
440 |
The postal service (band) includes
the intelligence service. |
441 |
Cf. 1:387,
above. |
442 |
The function of the
faqih
belongs to the religious law, but, in
view of the preceding remarks, Ibn Khaldun argues that he is
legitimately concerned with the laws and conditions of worldly politics,
both theoretically and practically. |
443 |
Surdon and Bercher: "independently of
the caliphate." Ibn Khaldun has in the mind the situation in which the
Sultan usurps some power that belongs
de iure
to the caliphate. |
444 |
The
parenthesis is found in the older texts, but appears in the margin of C
and is omitted in D. |
445 |
Wilayah may mean the appointive power,
like tawliyah. Cf. below, p. 16, 1. 4,
and p. 19, 1. 9. It may also refer to provincial
administration. Here, however, it must be understood in the sense in
which it is employed in the chapter headings of al-Mawardi's Ahkam
as-sultaniyah, as "taking charge of" various administrative
functions. |
446 |
Cf. S. D. Goitein,
"The Origin of the Vizierate and Its True Character," in Islamic
Culture, XVI (1942), 380-92. |
447 |
Ibn
Khaldun presumably refers here to his remarks on p. 3, above. |
448 |
Writing is always
praised in Arabic literature as a means of bridging distances in space
and time. This explains the rather inappropriate reference to time in
this context. Cf. also, pp. 356 and 377, below. |
449 |
Cf.
1:462 ff.,
above. |
450 |
Cf. 1:451,
above. |
451 |
Cf. p. 11,
below. |
452 |
Bulaq: "matters of
administration." |
453 |
It should be
kept in mind that actual direction of military operations did not come
under the jurisdiction of the dtwdn al jaysh,
which was mainly
concerned with fiscal matters concerning the army. It might be called
"bureau of army rolls." Cf. pp. 20
ff, below. |
454 |
Sic C and
D. The earlier text had "ruler." |
455 |
Cf., for
instance, 1:470 f., above. |
456 |
The passage from here to the end of the paragraph is not found in the
earlier text of the Muqaddimah.
It
appears in the margin of B and C and in the text of D. The reference to
an earlier passage (above, 1:893 f.) is to one of the later additions
which were not yet found in the earlier text.
The
problem of the possibility of appointing two men to the
wizdrat at-tafwid is
discussed
by al-Mawardi, al-Ahkam as-sultaniyah
(Cairo,
1298/ 1881), p.
27.
|
457 |
Cf. 1:379 and 469, above. |
458 |
Cf. 1:469
f., above. |
459 |
Cf. esp.,
8:346, below. |
460 |
Bulaq adds: "The name
doorkeeper continued to be used in its original meaning." |
461 |
Cf. p. 14, below. |
462 |
This seems to be the
meaning of the Arabic words which usually signify "was taken away from
him ..." |
463 |
Or
dawidar; cf.
p. 28,
below. |
464 |
Cf.
also pp. III
ff., below. |
465 |
Cf.
pp. 8 f.,
above. |
466 |
Abul-Agbagh b. Muhammad, d. 320 [A.D. 932]. Cf. also R. Dozy in
Journal asiatique, XIV
6 (1869), 158. |
467 |
Cf.
1:380, above. |
468 |
He died in 559
[1158). Cf. H. Peres in Hespiris, XVIII (1934), 25
ff. |
469 |
He was
active in the latter part of the twelfth century. Cf.
'Ibar, VI,
237; de Slane
(tr.), II, 193. |
470 |
He was
active in the early thirteenth century. Cf.
'Ibar, VI,
250
f.;
de Slane (tr.),
II, 225, 227 ff. |
471 |
Cf.
i:xxxvii, above, and p. 24, below; R. Brunschvig, La Berberie
orientale sous les Hafsides (Publications de I'Institut d'Etudes
Orientales d'Alger, Vols. VIII and XI) (Paris, 1940-47), II, 56 ff.,
66. |
472 |
On the
office of the 'alamah, cf. i:xli, above. |
473 |
Cf. R.
Dozy in Journal asiatique, XIV6 (1869), 158. |
474 |
Abu Bakr, A.D.
1918-1946.
Cf. n.
155
to this chapter, above. |
475 |
However,
the title was retained for an honorary office. Cf. R. Brunschvig,
La
Berberie orientale, II, 55. |
476 |
A Berber
word meaning "first." R. Brunschvig, II, 59, vocalizes Mazwar.
Berber forms, for instance, are amecwar (cf. E. Ibanez,
Diccionario rifeno-espanol [Madrid, 19491, p. 28a) and
amzuwar (? according to G. Mercier in Journal asiatique, CCV
[1924], 316). |
477 |
Tanfidh
in this sense occurs again, p. 24, 1. 3, below. |
478 |
Cf. also p. 407, below. For the popular etymologies of
the word diwdn mentioned here, cf. the beginning of the eighth
chapter of al-Mawardi, al-Ahkam as-sultaniyah, p.
189.
They are often cited; cf., for
instance, the old Kitab al-Kuttab by 'Abdallah al-Baghdadi, ed.
D. Sourdel in Bulletin d'Etudes Orientales (Damascus), XIV (1954),
137. |
479 |
Cf. pp. 26 f. and 64, below. |
480 |
The following stories about the
introduction of the diwan were also derived from al-Mawardi,
loc. cit. Ibn Khaldun conflated the stories concerning Abu Hurayrah
(cf. I. Goldziher in EI, s.v. "Abu Huraira") and Khalid b. al-Walid
(cf. K. V. Zettersteen in El, s.v.) and also the stories
concerning al-Hurmuzan and the appointment of 'Aqil, etc. Cf. also F.
Rosenthal, .A History of Muslim Historiography (Leiden, 1952), p.
312. |
481 |
The ruler of al-Ahwaz, who was captured
during the conquest of the 'Iraq. |
482 |
Agil, an
older brother of 'Ali, died ca.
680.
Cf., for instance, Ibn Hajar,
Tahdhib (Hyderabad,
1325-27/1907-9), VII, 254. |
483 |
He died in 54 [674].
Cf. an-Nawawi, Biographical
Dictionary, ed. F. Wustenfeld (Gottingen, 1842-47),
pp. 543 f. |
484 |
He died between 56 and 59
[675/76 and 678/79].
Cf. Ibn liajar, Tahdhib, II,
63 f. The correct vocalization Mut'im is
indicated in MSS. B, C, and D. |
485 |
Cf. n.
88 to Ibn
Khaldun's Introduction, above. |
486 |
He died around 100
[718/191.
Cf. F. Rosenthal,
op. cit., p.
244
(n. 1). |
487 |
The following two paragraphs are derived
from al-Mawardi, alAhkam as-sultaniyah, pp.
192
f. Cf. also F. Rosenthal, op.
cit., p.
840 (n. 2). |
488 |
The name was read
in this form by Ibn Khaldun. It is thought originally to have been Sarjun, from Greek
Sergios. |
489 |
In 85 [704].
Cf. C. Brockelmann,
History of the Islamic Peoples
(New York, 1947),
pp. 88
f. |
490 |
The great secretary, author of
the famous Epistle quoted below, pp. 29 ff. |
491 |
Cf. I: xxxvii, and p. 16,
above. |
492 |
Cf. I: xxxvi, above. |
493 |
The family of the famous historian. Cf. n. 80 to Ch. i, above, and 8:445, below. Cf. also 'Ibar, VI,
294f.; de Slane (tr.), II, 369
ff. |
494 |
Cf. also p. 16, above. |
495 |
Or Ustadar. |
496 |
D, and possibly C,
add: "which is <not?> under his supervision." |
497 |
Sic
C and D. The older text (and C before
correction) had: "This clarifies the
function ..." |
498 |
Cf. p. ii, above, and 9:34.6, below. |
499 |
Cf. 1: xli, and p. 16, above. |
500 |
Le., the secretary rather than the hajib. |
501 |
A. Mez,
Die
Renaissance des Isldms
(Heidelberg, 1922), p. 71, quotes this statement. |
502 |
Cf. p. 14, above. |
503 |
Bulaq adds:
"and the concealing of secrets." |
504 |
Abd-al-Hamid b.
Yahyi perished in the debacle of his Umayyad masters in 132 [750]. Cf.
GAL, Suppl., I, l05. His Epistle is found in alJahshiyiri,
Wuzara',
ed. H. von Mzik
(Bibliothek arabischer Historiker and Geographen, No. 1) (Leipzig, 1926),
fols. 35b-39b, and in Ibn I;Iamdun,
Tadhkirah, MS.
Topkapusaray,
Ahmet III, 2948, Vol. 1, fols, 123a-125b. In both cases the text differs
slightly in some passages from what we find in Ibn Khaldun. The text in
al-Qalqashandi, Subh al-a'sha
(Cairo,
1331-38/191319), 1, 85-89, is identical with that in Ibn Khaldun. Ibn
Khaldun and alQalqashandi may have used a common source, but it seems
rather that alQalgashandi copied his text from the
Muqaddimah,
as he also quotes
Ibn Khaldun on another occasion without mentioning his name (cf. n. 546
to this chapter, below). This text was also published, with some
unexplained rearrangement, by M. Kurd 'Ali, Rasa'il
al-bulagha'
(2d ed.; Cairo,
1331/1913), pp. 172-75. A separate edition of the Epistle (Tunis,
1318), is known to me only from the GAL reference,
loc. cit. |
505 |
The MSS have riwayah,
which is
meaningless in the context. Bulaq, therefore, appears to have corrected
riwdyah
to
razanah
"good judgment."
The original text, as in al-Jahshiyari, was
rawiyah
"reflection,
(good) judgment." |
506 |
The edition of al-Qalqashandi here, and
three lines below, vocalizes al-kuttdb "secretaries," instead of
al-kitab. Though seemingly possible, the reading al-kuttab is
certainly not correct here. |
507 |
This is how Ibn Khaldun read and understood the word used here.
The vocalization al-qurra' is expressly indicated in C. He might
have had in mind the fact that, since everybody knows the Qur'an,
mistakes made by Qur'an readers are easily spotted and blame assigned.
However, the correct text is certainly that of al-Jahshiyiri and Ibn
llamdun, who have al-mar'ah "a woman." The feminine singular also
agrees better with the following
laha
"to her." |
508 |
Instead of
sijillat,
al-Jahshiyari has
what is certainly the more original text:
istihlab
(sic,
not
istijlab) "in milking his
land tax." |
509 |
D has
jamuhan
"ungovernable,"
instead of ramuhan.
Though this
seems to be a freehand correction or mistake of D, it may be noted that
the text of al-Jahshiyari and Ibn Hamdun reads: "If it is inclined to
gallop (ramuhan),
he takes
precautions with the hind legs. If it is ungovernable (jamuhan),
he does not goad
it when he is riding it. If it is inclined to kick [?], he takes
precautions with the forelegs. If he fears that it will bite, he takes
precautions with its head...." |
509a |
As becomes clear from this point on, the secretary's
"associates," referred to in this paragraph, are his masters. He must
know how to handle them, as a rider handles his horse. |
510 |
Cf. Qur'an 93.11 (11): "And as to the
favors of your Lord, speak (of them)!" |
511 |
The correctness of this translation is borne out by the
variant readings found in connection with this proverb. Instead of Ibn Khaldun's
talzamuhu an-nasihah,
al-Jahshiyari (cf.
also the text of al-Qalqashandi) reads:
yalzamu as-sihhah
"he who (speaks or
acts) soundly is successful." Similarly, arRaghib al-Isfahani,
Muhdaardt
(Cairo, 1287/1870), I, 181,
who, however,
understands the proverb to refer to sincerity and the avoidance of
deceit. AlMubashshir, finally, ascribes the following version of the
proverb to Aristotle (No. 59
of the
sayings of Aristotle in the Mukhtar al-hikam,
ed. Badawi
[Madrid, 1958], p. 195):
Ilzam as-sihhah yalzamka an-nasr
"If you
(speak or act) soundly, you will be successful," where
an-nasr
takes the place of
al-'amal
in the other
versions and clarifies the meaning of
al-'amal.
Cf. also al-Jahiz, Baydn
(Cairo 1332/1914), II, 46. |
512 |
Cf. 1:456 f., above. |
513 |
Cf. R. Dozy in Journal asiatique,
XIV 6 (1869),
159 f., who argues that
maqa'id here means "separate houses." But cf. also the phrase which
always reoccurs in connection with certain traditions:
fa-l yatabawwa'
maq'adahtu (fi
n-nar). |
514 |
Apparently, in the East and the West. |
515 |
Cf. Qur'an 24.44 (44). |
516 |
Catalan
almirant,
Castilian
almirante,
which, in
turn, is a loan word from the Arabic. R. Brunschvig,
La Berberie orientale, II, 94
(n.
3), doubts the general usage of the term in northwestern Africa.
It may, however, have been common in the spoken language rather than in
literature. |
517 |
Cf. 1:139,
above. |
518 |
Situated a day's journey west of al-Qayrawan. Cf. R. Brunschvig,
1,
304. |
519 |
Near Tunis |
520 |
Cf.
at-Tabari,
Annales
ed. M. J.
de Goeje et al.
(Leiden,
1879-1901), I, 2821, anno 28
[648/49]. Cf. also
G. F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring
(Princeton Oriental Studies, No.
is)
(Princeton, 1951), pp. 54 f. |
521 |
Cf. 1:55
and
268,
above. Ibn Khaldun probably refers to the events reported by
at-Tabari, Annales, I, 2546-48.
There,
however, `Arfajah by no means plays the role ascribed to him here. |
522 |
The text in parenthesis is found in Bulaq. |
523 |
He is
said to have died in 80 [699/700]. Adh-Dhahabi, Ta'rikh
alIslam (Cairo, 1367-/1947-), III, 244 f., on the other
hand, also reports that it was 'Abd-al-Malik's successor, al-Walid, who
ordered the shipbuilding
program stepped up, and that Hassan was still alive at that time. |
524 |
Dar as-sina'ah,
from
which "arsenal" is derived. |
525 |
For Asad,
who was born in 142 [759/60] and died in 213 [818], the
year after the conquest of Sicily had been initiated, cf. M. Amari and
C. A. Nallino, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia (Catania, 1933-39), I, 382 ff. |
526 |
The
Arabic form Qawsarah represents the ancient name of the island,
Cossyra. |
527 |
He died
in 52 [672]. Cf. Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib, X, 203 f.;
Amari and Nallino, op. cit., I, 195 ff. |
528 |
Al-Qa'im,
the second Fatimid, who ruled from 934 to 946. The raids involving Genoa
took place in 934/35. |
529 |
E.
Levi-Provencal in EI, s.v. "Mudjahid," has 406. |
530 |
The Kalbite governors of Sicily in the latter part of the tenth and
the beginning of the eleventh century. Cf. Amari and Nallino, op. cit.,
II, 886 ff. |
531 |
Lit., "islands of ar-Rumaniyah." The
latter term seems to represent
Romania,
the Byzantine Empire. |
532 |
Cf. also
'Ibar, VII,
39 ff.; de Slane (tr.), III, 258 ff. |
533 |
Cf. Amari and Nallino,
op. cit.,
III, 884. |
534 |
They were supposed to be branches of the Kutamah Berbers. |
535 |
He ruled from 1163 to 1184. |
536 |
Ibn Khaldun again refers to this famous
event in the Autobiography, pp. 335 f., and in 'Ibar, VI,
246; de Slane (tr.), II, 216. In
'Ibar,
the name of the ambassador is Abul-Harith 'Abd-ar-Rahman, and this is the correct name, as shown by
other sources. Abu 1-Harith 'Abd-ar-Rahman b. Muhammad b. Munqidh lived
from 523 to 600 [1129-1203/4]. Cf. also M. Canard, Histoire de la
Dynastie des H'amdanides de Jazira et de Syrie (Algiers, 1961), I,
24.
According to 'Ibar, the event took
place in 585 [1189/90], but a date later in 1190 (and even as late as
January, 1192) is considered probable. Cf. Gaudefroy-Demombynes, in
Milanges R. Basset (Paris, 1925), Il, 203, and Sa'd
Zaghlul'Abd-al-Hamid, in Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts of
Alexandria University, VI-VII (1952-53), 84-100. Sir Hamilton Gibb
kindly called my attention to the article by Gaudefroy-Demombynes and
informed me that the embassy is not mentioned in the extant portion of
the Barq, the great historical work by the 'lmad al-Isfahani. For
the naval situation in Saladin's time in general, cf. A. S. Ehrenkreutz,
in Journal of the American Oriental Society, LXXV (1955),
100-116.
|
537 |
Abd-ar-Rahim b. 'Ali, 629-596 [1135-1200]. Cf. GAL, I, 316 (n. 1);
Suppl.,
I, 549 (n. 1). |
538 |
The great historian, Muhammad b.
Muhammad, 619-597 [11251201]. Cf. GAL, I, 314 T.; Suppl., I, 548
f. Bulaq has al-Qussi. The complete title is
al-Fath
al-Qussi fi 1 fath al-Qudsi, and the work is quoted as al-Fath al-Qussi
or al-Fath al-Qudsi. The letter is not mentioned in the
edition by C. de Landberg (Leiden, 1888). Gaudefroy-Demombynes,
op. cit.,
refers to a similar letter in al-Qalgashandi, Subh al-a'sha, VI, 526-30. In this letter, al-Mansur
is addressed as Commander of the Faithful. See following note |
539 |
The plural suffix can hardly be understood differently,
but, as stated in the Autobiography, pp.
335 f., the failure to address al-Mansur as Commander of the Faithful
was that of the Qadl al-Fadil, the writer of the letter, who had acted
deliberately. However, cf. the reference to the letter quoted by al-Qalqashandi,
in the preceding note. |
540 |
Abul-Hasan ruled from 1331 to 1351. |
541 |
Qur'an 3.68
(61). |
|
|