|
614 |
Cf. 1:303 and 306, above. |
614a |
One may compare the
three reasons for war admitted by the tenthcentury philosopher
Abu 1-hasan al_'Amiri (cf. F. Rosenthal in
The Islamic Quarterly, III
[1956], 49), and the seven causes of war
enumerated in the early fourteenth century by al-'Abbasb in his
Athar al-uwal fi tartib ad-duwal
(Cairo, 1295/1878), p. 168 (Sec. 4, Ch. vii). |
615 |
Qur'an 61.4 (4). |
616 |
Cf.
Concordance, I, 223a, II.
51f. |
617 |
Cf., for instance, Ibn Abi Zayd,
Risalah, ed. L. Bercher
(sd ed.; Algiers, 1949), pp. 162 f.: "Fleeing in the face of the
enemy is a great sin, be they twice the number of the Muslims or
less. If they be more than that, it is not wrong to (flee)." |
618 |
Cf. p. 77, below. |
619 |
Bulaq adds: "which they called 'regiments.' Each
regiment had its own lines." |
620 |
Lit., "heart." |
621 |
Bulaq adds: "and insignia." |
622 |
Bulaq adds: "and parallel to." |
623 |
Cf.
p. 68, above. |
624 |
However, according to European historians, the Muslim army that
fought before al-Mahd1yah in 1990 comprised between 40,000 and
60,000 men. Cf. R. Brunschvig, La
Berberie orientate, II, 90 f. |
625 |
Leg. biha instead of
bihim? |
626 |
The origin and use of the term are
not clear to me. It seems to be a Northwest African usage. It
might be derived from the vulgar root j-b-dh (j-b-d) "to
draw." |
627 |
The
caliph in question is not the one mentioned, but his grandson,
Marwan II, the last of the Umayyads. Ibn Khaldun's error may
have been caused by the fact that another ad-Dahhak fought
against Marwan b. alllakam and fell at Marj Rihit in
64 [684]. Or, it
may it have been a psychological slip by Ibn Khaldun, out of
unwillingness to admit that the last Umayyad could still have
introduced important innovations. The events referred to in the
text. took place in 128/29 [745/47],
during which year all three of the Kharijites,
ad-I)ahhak b. Qays, al-Khaybari, and Shayban, were killed in
that order. The source is at-Tabari,
Annales, 1, 1941, 11. 14
f., anno 128. |
628 |
Cf.
p. 69, above. |
629 |
Qur'an 2.29 (27),
231 (231), etc. |
630 |
Cf. Qur'an 61.4 (4). 'Ali's words are found in
at-Tabari, Annales, I,
8290 f., and in Ibn al-Athir,
Kamil, III, 150.
A comparison of Ibn Khaldun's text with at-Tabari and Ibn al-Athir
shows that Ibn Khaldun used Ibn alAthir. |
631 |
All's well-known general who died soon after the
battle of $iffin, in 37 [657/581. His names are said to have
been Malik b. al-Harith. His remarks were derived by Ibn
Khaldun from at-Tabari, I, 3298. |
632 |
The
military operations of Tashfm, who was later on ruler of the
Almoravid realm for three years, are described in 'Ibar,
VI, 229 f.; de Slane (tr.), II, 174
ff., starting with the year 538 [1138/99]. For ay-Sayrafi, about
whom little seems to be known, cf. S. M. Stern,
Les chansons mozarabes
(Palermo, 1953), p. 57. |
633 |
I.e.,
the veiled Sinhajah Almoravids. |
634 |
The
situation is changed now, for in the battle the poem is about,
Tashfin was not supported as vigorously as before by his
Sinhajah Almoravid troops. |
635 |
"Lions of the thicket" is used for people who are courageous and
feared in their own habitat, but despised outside it. Cf.
ath-Tha'alibi, Thimar al-qulab
(Cairo, 1326/1908), p. 306. |
636 |
For the Tubba' as the legendary producer of
strong armor, cf. J. Horovitz,
Koranische Untersuchungen, p. 102. |
637 |
As-sadaf, as in the MSS. |
638 |
This
is quoted as a proverb in Lisan al-'Arab, II, 199. |
639 |
The
following two statements ascribed to 'Umar are quoted from
atTabari, Annales, I,
2161, anno
is. Both Abu 'Ubayd ath-Thaqafi and Salit b.
Qays were killed in the early stages of the campaign. |
640 |
Handbook, p. 248a; below, p. 131 |
640a |
Cf.
Ibn Kathir, Bidayah (Cairo, 1351-58/1932-40), XIII, 175,
quoting the Nata'ij at-afkar by 'Ali b. Yabya al-Mabrami,
d.-646 [1248/49]. Maskawayh, Jawidhan Khiradh (Cairo,
1952), p. 206, and ar-Raghib alIsfahani,
Muhdaardt, I,
10, have ghilah "treachery" instead of "tribe." |
641 |
Cf.
Concordance, II 271b, R. 5 ff. Cf. also, below, p. 179. |
642 |
The
reference apparently is to Ch. xn of the Siraj. Cf. the
stories mentioned there on p. 176. |
643 |
Cf.
1:316 f., above. |
644 |
The
reference is apparently to the beginning of Ch. m (1:313,
above). De Slane thought it was to 1:941 f., above. |
645 |
Cf.
Qur'an 73.20 (20). |
646 |
Cf.
1:72, above. |
647 |
Cf.
1:72, above. |
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