686

Cf. also pp. 246 ff. and 295 ff., below.

687

Cf Issawi, pp. 167 f.

688

Cf. Bombaci, p. 457.

689

Hukmi is added in C supra lineam, and in the text of D. Cf. P. 248, below.

690

Cf. pp. 115 f., above; pp. 153 and 249, below.

691

Al fass. The word occurs in individual titles of Aristotle's works on logic in Arabic. Cf. Ibn an-Nadim, Fihrist (Cairo, 1348/1929-30), pp. 368 and 370. However, it is not commonly used for the Organon, and I am not sure from which author (Averroes) cf. below, p. 254) Ibn Khaldun derived it. Cf. also E. I. J. Rosenthal in al-Andalus, XX (1955), 80.

Among the most recent works concerned with Arabic translations of the so-called Organon, we may mention the work by 'Abd-ar-Rabmin Badawi, of which three volumes have appeared so far (Cairo, 1948-), and the publication of Porphyry's Isagoge by A. F. al-Ahwani (Cairo, 1371/1952). Cf., in particular, R. Walzer, "New Light on the Arabic Translations of Aristotle," Oriens, VI (1953), 91-142.

691a

"Three" appears in A, possibly as a correction of an erased word. B, C, and D have "four." This seems to be an error on the part of Ibn Khaldun, who was thinking of the Eisagoge and included it in his count. Bulaq corrects the following "five" to "four," which is nonsensical.

692

The Arabic word used here should probably be read al-mu'arrifat, and not, as might be thought at first glance, al-ma'rifat "various kinds of knowledge," even though Aristotle speaks about gnosis right at the beginning of the work.

693

Cf p. 145, below.

694

In contrast to syllogisms based on logical judgment. Cf. F. Gabrieli, "Estetica e poesia araba nell'interpretazione della Poetica Aristotelica presso Avicenna e Averroe," Rivista degli studi orientali, XII (1929-30), 298.

695

The remainder of this sentence and the next one are not found in Bulaq.

696

The reference is to Porphyry's Isagoge and the pente fwnai (quinque voces): -gnoz (genus); diafora (differentia); eidoz (species); idion (proprium); and sumbebhkoz (accidens). Cf. again, p. 145, below.

697

The beginning of the section on logic from the Shifa' has been published by I. Madkur, M. al-Khudayri, M.-M. Anawati, and A. F. al-Ahwani (Cairo, 1371/1952), as the first volume of the planned publication of the whole Shifd'. The section on al-Burhan (Apodeictica), published by 'Abd-ar­Rabmin Badawi, appeared in Cairo in 1954.

698

The "whereas" clause is not found in Bulaq.

699

Cf. 1:402, above.

700

Mubammad b. Nimwar, 690-646 [1194-1248]. Cf. GAL, I, 463; Suppl., I, 838. His Jumal were discussed in the circle of Ibn Khaldun's friends, as we learn from Ibn al-Khatib, al-Ihatah fi akhbar Gharnalah (Cairo, 1319/ 1901), II, 158 f. Ibn Khaldun himself knew them by heart; cf. p. 396, below.

701

The works I checked indicate the titles of the last two works as al-Mujiz and al-Jumal, without mukhtasar. The word mukhtasar, as it is used here, cannot mean "brief work" (which would be correct), but only "abridgement of a work entitled Mujiz, etc." (which would not be correct).

702

The following discussion, to the end of the section (p. 147), is not found in Bulaq.

703

Cf. 1:394, and pp. 44 and 63, above.

704

Cf. pp. 48 f., above. The reference is to the four attributes of power, knowledge, life, and volition.

705

Cf. p. 146, below, where Ibn Khaldun speaks about the outside ex­istence of natural quiddities and their universals. This appears to be meant here.

706

Cf. p. 51, above.

707

Cf. S. Munk, Melanges de philosophic juive et arabe (Paris, 1869), pp. 397 ff.

708

Cf. p. 51, above. The reversed statement in this case would be: Since the articles of faith are correct, the arguments proving them must be correct.

709

Cf. p. 142, above.

710

Cf. p. 141, above.

711

A1-qiyas as-suri. My limited knowledge of Arabic logic prevents me from stating whether, or where, this expression may occur as a technical term for some kind of syllogism. However, it may not be a technical term, in which case the above translation may render the thought perfectly well: the only thing that remains is studying the forms of syllogism, not their matter.

712

Cf. at-Tahanawi, Kashshaf istilahat al-funun, pp. 904 f.

713

Cf. pp. 50 f., above.

714

Cf. Bombaci, p. 458.