1071

Cf. pp. 227 ff., above.

1072

Cf. 1:228 f. and 2:920, above.

1073

Sic! One would expect "they."

1074

C: zuhira 'ala khab'ihi. D has khabiyatin. B seems to have khaybatin "if failure becomes apparent."

1075

Or "used as the basis."

1076

Cf. p. 227, above.

1077

Cf. (Pseudo-) Majriti, Ghayah, pp. 7 f.

1078

Bulaq: "which includes."

1079

Cf. p. 175, above, and p. 278, below.

1080

Cf. p. 229, above, where al-Mughayribi is called Ibn al-Mughay­ribi.

1081

Cf. i:xlii, above.

1082

Cf. E. 0. von Lippmann, Enstehung and Aushreitung der Alchemie,

pp. s ff.

1083

Cf. 2:320 f., above.

1084

Sic B (al-aghniyd'). C and D have "stupid" (al-aghbiyd'). The latter may actually be more in keeping with Ibn Khaldun's thinking, because "rich" farmers would be most unusual.

1085

Cf. Bombaci, p. 465, who suggests: "and invent new tricks."

1086

Cf. Bombaci, p. 465.

1087

An alloy, considered to be of Chinese provenience, the exact composition of which is not known. Cf. P. Kraus, Jabir Ibn Hayyan, II, 22; A. Siggel, Arabisch-Deutsches Warterbuch der Stoffe (Berlin, 1960), p. 79.

1088

Fasl, diafora, a term of Aristotelian logic (cf. p. 142, above), could here and in the following discussion be rendered approximately by "structure."

1089

Cf. al-Farabi, Fi wujub sina'at al-kimiya', ed. Aydin Sayth in Belleten, XV (1951), 65-79; tr. E. Wiedemann in Journal fur praktische Cliemie, N.F. LXXVI (1907), 115-23. The brief treatise deals mainly with the problem of why works on alchemy are written so as to be comprehensible only to the initiated. (Cf. n. 1099, below.) Only very briefly at the end is reference made to (pseudo-) Aristotle's opinion that all noncombustible metals are of one species and differentiated only by their accidents. Cf. also Hajji Khallfah, Kashf az-zunun, ed. Flugel, V, 272 f., where al-Farabi is quoted following Ibn Bajjah, and reference is also made to Avicenna's theory.

1090

The relevant passages from Avicenna's Shifa' are dealt with by E. J. Holmyard and D. C. Mandeville, Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum, being sections of the Kitab al-Shifa' (Paris, 1927), pp. 5 ff, 41 f., 54 f., 85 f. In his "Refutation of the Astrologers," Avicenna also briefly condemned alchemy. Cf. A. F. Mehren in Homenaje a D. Francisco Codera (Saragossa, 1904), p. 238. A recent publication by A. Ate§, "Ibn Sina ve Elkimya," in Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi, I 4 (1952), 47-71, probably contains important material on Avicenna's attitude toward alchemy. A recent article by Adnan Adivar, in the M. Shah Presentation Volume, is also said to deal with the same subject.

1091

For the problem of spontaneous and artificial generation in Muslim alchemy, see the important third chapter in P. Kraus, Jabir Ibn Hayyan, II, 97 ff. For the generatio aequivoca of snakes, scorpions, and bees (bugonia), cf., esp., II, 106 f. Cf. also E. 0. von Lippmann, Urzeugung and Lebenskraft (Berlin, 1983).

1092

In the sense of "experts in works such as the Nabataean Agriculture."

1093

The following five lines are omitted by Bulaq.

1094

One would expect al-Farabi instead of Avicenna.

1095

Above, 2:212, we find a discussion of the "great conjunction," which is said to reoccur in cycles of 960 years and which must be something different from the great solar revolution mentioned here. The figures for the "great year" that are mentioned by Pseudo-Plutarch, Placita philosophorum 892 C, are different from Ibn Khaldun's figure. The Placita were well known to the Arabs. Cf. the edition of the Arabic translation by `Abd-ar-Ra1:3man Badawl, Aristotelis De anima (Cairo, 1954), p. 141.

1096

As indicated in the Qur'an. Cf. 2:368 and 425, above.

1097

Cf. 2:415, above, where the statement is cited according to its correct form.

1098

Cf. pp. 272 f., above.

1099

According to al-Farabi, op. cit. (n. 1089, above), the alchemists reserved their writings for the initiated because a mass production of gold and silver would make "social organization" impossible and deprive gold and silver of their "necessary role in mutual business dealings."

1100

Cf. p. 268, above.

1101

Cf. 1:356 and 2:242, above.

1102

Cf. p. 102, above.

1103

The strange al-mawdud is attested by the MSS. Bulaq corrects it to al-mawdad "matters." This might be a necessary correction (?).

1104

Cf. 1:191, above.

1105

Cf. Qur'an 5.110 (110), where the last words read: "with my permission." The phrase "with the permission of God" is found in the parallel passage, Qur'an 3.49 (43).

1106

Qur'an 11.92 ( 94).

1107

Cf. 2:516, above.

1108

Bulaq: "nonexistence."

1109

Cf. Bombaci, p. 465, who translates: " . . . motive of suspicion that invalidates the theories of the people who . . ."

1110

Qur'an 51.58 (58).