1235

Cf. p. 332, below.

1236

The relative clause appears in C in the margin and is incorporated in the text of D.

1237

Cf. p. 318 (n. 1228), above.

1238

It seems that af'al "actions, verbs," is used here to indicate the fluid, "movable" roots, while dhawat "essences," refers to the static, definite categories of nouns, adjectives, and verbal forms that are meaningful by themselves and produced by prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. The statement does not refer merely to the transformation of verbs by means of prefixes, infixes, and suffixes, into particular verbal forms.

1239

For the first half of the tradition, cf. the references in Concordance, I, 365a. Cf. also Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah (Cairo, 1353/1934), I, 224, and al­Mas'udi, Muruj adh-dhahab, IV, 165. Cf. also below, pp. 345 and 416.

1240

Cf. p. 346, below.

1241

An additional "of their own," which appears in the earlier texts, is omitted in C and D.

1242

The legend that makes 'Ali the driving force behind the creation of Arabic grammar is often mentioned but is, of course, unhistorical, as is the role of ad-Du'ali. Cf. GAL, I, 42 and 96; Suppl., I, 72 and 155; Ibn an-Nadim, Fihrist, pp. 40 f. (ed. Flugel); pp. 59 ff. (Cairo, 1348/1929-30). Cf. also F. Rosenthal, A History of Muslim Historiography, p. 262.

1243

He lived through most of the eighth century. Cf. GAL, I,100; Suppl., I,  159 f. Cf. pp. 325 ff., below.

1244

Sibawayh died ca. 800. Cf. GAL, I, 100 ff.; suppl., I, 160.

1245

Cf. also p. 356, below.

1246

Al-Hasan b. Ahmad (Muhammad), 288-377 [901-987]. Cf. GAL, I, 11, 3 f.; suppl., 1, 175 f. Cf. p. 313, above.

1247

Abd-ar-Rahman b. Ishaq, who died ca. 337 [949]. Cf. GAL, I, 110; Suppl., I, 170 f.

1248

Muhammad b. 'Abdallah, d. 672 [1274]. Cf. GAL, 1, 298 ff.; Suppl., I, 521 ff,

1249

Cf. 2:446, and p. 18, above.

1250

Yahya b. 'Abd-al-Mu'ti az-Zawiwi, d. 628 (12311. Cf. GAL, I, 302 f.; Suppl., I, 530 f. His Durrah al-a fiyah was the model of Ibn Malik's famous Alflyah. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 522.

1251

Abdallah b. Yusuf, 708-76111309-19601. Cf. GAL, 11, 23 ff.; Suppl., II, 16 ff. Ibn Khaldun mentioned this passage concerning Ibn Hisham to Ibn Hajar, ad-Durar al-kaminah, II, 309. Cf. p. 289, above.

1252

The full title of the work, of which there exist many editions, is Mughni al-labib'an kutub al-a'drib. There is no need to assume, with de Slane, that Ibn Khaldun here combined the titles of two works by Ibn Hisham, the Mughni and the I'rab ('an qawd'id al-i'rab).

1253

Qur'an 35.1 (1).

1254

Cf. p. 346, below.

1255

Cf. p. 312, above.

1256

Cf. p. 323, above. For him and the other lexicographers mentioned in this chapter, cf, also J. Kraemer, "Studien zur altarabischen Lexikographie," Oriens, VI (1953), 201-38.

1257

The explanation of the calculation was added by C in the margin and is found in the text of D. The number 756 for two-consonant words is also indicated in A in a marginal note.

1258

I.e.,     

1259

That would be  = 1,592,136, which, however, is much too high. Including combinations containing the same letter twice (but excluding combinations consisting of the same letter repeated three times, which do not occur), the number of three-consonant combinations would be 283 – 28 = 21,924. This, of course, includes many impossible combinations.

1260

Actually, as far as we know, al-Khalil did not indulge in these calcula­tions in the Kitab al-'Ayn, but they were undertaken by later scholars. Cf. E. Braunlich in Islamica, II (1926), 74. As-Suyuti, Muzhir (1, 74 f., in a recent, undated, and unreliable Cairo edition), sums up the discussion as follows. According to the Muwazanah of Hamzah al-Isfahani (GAL, I, 145; Suppl., I, 221 f.), al-Khalil stated in the Kitab al-'Ayn that the number of possible words of two, three, four, and five consonants is 12,305,412. There are 756 two­consonant words, 19,650 (sic leg.) three-consonant words, 491,400 four­consonant words, and 11,793,600 five-consonant words (the sum of these figures would be smaller by six than the total given before).

According to the abridgment of the Kitab al-'Ayn by az-Zubaydi (cf. p. 328, below), there are, as-Suyuti says, 6,659,400 possible combinations, of which 5,620 are in actual use. There are 756 (sic leg.) two-consonant words, of which 489 are in use. There are 19,650 three-consonant words, of which 4,269 are in use.

1261

Muhammad b. al-hasan, d. 379 [9891. Cf. GAL, I, 100,132 f.; Suppl., I, 203.

1262

Isma'il b. Hammad, who died at the beginning of the eleventh century. Cf. GAL, 1, 128 f.; Suppl., I, 196 f. The title of the work is also vocalized as-Sahah.

1263

The last sentence appears in the margin of C and in the text of D.

1264

Ali b. Isma'il (Ahmad), ca. 398 [1007/8] to 458 [1066]. Cf. GAL, I, 308  f.; Suppl., I, 542.

1265

He died in 671 [1272/73]. Cf. 'Ibar, VI, 294 f.; de Slane (tr.), 11, 369 ft:

1266

I.e., the works of al-Jawhari and Ibn Abil-Husayn.

1267

This sentence is added in C and D. Kura"s name was 'Ali b. al­Husayn, and he lived in the tenth century. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 201.

1268

Muhammad b. al-Hasan, d. 321 [933]. Cf. GAL, I, III f.; Suppl., I, 172 ff.

1269

Muhammad b. al-Qasim, 271-328 [885-940]. Cf. GAL, I, 119; Suppl., 1, 182 f.

1270

Cf n. 104 to this chapter, above.

1271

Bulaq adds: "in its general (conventional) meaning."

1272

Abd-al-Malik b. Muhammad, 350 [961/62] to 429 or 430 [1037-39]. Cf. GAL, I, 284 ff.; Suppl., I, 499 ff.

1273

Ya'qub b. Ishaq, who died in or after 243 [857]. Cf. GAL, I, 117 f.; Suppl., I, 180 f

1274

Ahmad b. Yahya, 200-291 [815/16-904]. Cf. GAL, I, 118; Suppl., I, 181 f.

1275

Qur'an 15.86(86); 36.81 (81).

1276

The remainder of the section is added in C and D.

1277

Cf. p. 26, above.

1277a

Lit., "in the way in which, in the reasoning of jurists . , ."

1278

That is, in jurisprudence, for legal purposes, a word may be given a certain meaning by analogical reasoning of some sort or other and be used in that meaning. However, this could not be done in lexicography, and no meaning gained by a process of analogical reasoning would be recognized as firmly established. A jurist might consider nabidh as having the meaning of khamr, because, like khamr, it can be used for something somehow connected with grapes. On this basis, a jurist might treat nabidh as forbidden, just as khamr is forbidden. But it would be improper for a lexicographer to identify the two words khamr and nabidh in this way.

1279

Cf. 1:43, above.

1280

He seems to be the famous Shafi'ite Ahmad b. 'Umar, 248-306 [863­918]. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 306 f.; al-Khatib al-Baghdidi, Ta'rikh Baghdad, IV, 287 ff.

1281

Ilm al-bayan. Cf, pp. 336 f., below, where we find an explanation of the difficulties the word bayan presents to the translator. Cf. also pp. 398 ff., below.

1282

Cf. p. 320, above.

1283

Cf. p. 399, below.

1284

The following three lines are found only in Bulaq.

1285

That is, use of the particle inna "behold."

1286

Cf. p. 345, below, where the same argument is reported in the name of Khalil's teacher, 'isa b. 'Umar ath-Thaqafi. Al-Jurjan, Dala'il al-i'jaz (Cairo, 1331/1913), p. 242, uses it in connection with an anecdote concerning the philosopher al-Kindi, who doubted the perfection of the Arabic language and was convinced by the above story. Cf. F. Rosenthal in Orientalia, N.S. IX (1942), 273. Al-Jurjan is quoted by al-Qalqashandi, Subh al-a'sha (Cairo, 1331-38/1913-19),1,184.

1287

Cf. 1:76 (n. 14), 3:281 (1. 26), above; p. 378 (1. 25), below.

1288

Mahall min al-i'rab means "to form an integral Grammaire arabe (2d ed.; Paris, 1831), II, 596.

1289

The grammatical term for expressions such as "all" or "(him)self"

1290

The grammatical term for a corrected statement, e.g., "I ate a loaf­one-third of it."

1291

Cf. Lane's Arabic-English Dictionary, p. 1154c, s. radice "rmd."

1292

Balaghah means both eloquence in oral expression and good style in written expression.

1293

Cf. p. 400, below.

1294

Cf. pp. 401 f., below.

1295

For this and the following terms of the ilm al-badi, one may, for instance, compare G. E. von Grunebaum, A Tenth-Century Document of Arabic Literary Criticism (Chicago, 1960), pp. 20 f. (tajnis); 35 (tarsi); 17 ff. (tibaq); and 2 ('ilm al-badi').

1296

The idea of tawriyah is more simply expressed below, p. 401. For the very common term tawriyah, cf. A. F. Mehren, Die Rhetorik der Araber (Copenhagen & Vienna, 1859), pp. 105 ff.

1297

Not in Bulaq.

1298

In this case, the word usually corresponds to "literary criticism."

1299

He seems to be the Barmecide who is credited with some poetical composition in Ibn an-Nadim, Fihrist, p. 166,1.7 (ed. Flugel); p. 236 (Cairo, 1348/1929-30). He is occasionally quoted as an authority on eloquence; cf. Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah, I, 214 and 220. However, he is not known to have had any particular significance in the sense indicated. Perhaps Ibn Khaldun made a mistake here, caused by the reference to Ja'far b. Qudamah, or Qudamah b. Jafar?

1300

Cf. p. 62, above.

1301

Qudamah b. Ja'ar, who lived ca. 900. Cf. GAL, I, 228; Suppl., I, 406 f.

1302

Cf. p. 28,6, above.

1303

Cf. p. 323, above.

1304

Muhammad b. 'Abd-ar-Rahman, 666-739 [1267-1338]. Cf. GAL, I, 296; II, 22; Suppl., 1, 516; II, 16 f.

1305

Cf. Bombaci, p. 467.

1306

Cf., for instance, 2:348 f. and 431 f., above.

1307

Cf. 2:446 f., above, and pp. 338 f., below.

1308

Alqab is used again, pp. 371, 401, 405 f., and 409, below.

1309

The first two kinds of the discipline, p. 335, above.

1310

Cf. 1:10 and 2:403, above, and pp. 384, 387, and 445 f., below.

1311

For the significance of literary criticism for the problem of the inimitability of the Qur'an, cf. the work by G. E. von Grunebaum cited above, n. 1295.

1312

The translation follows the reading suggested by Bulaq: maratib al­kalam ma'a l-kamal, which might be a necessary correction of maratib al-kamal ma'a l-kalam, found in the MSS. (B has maratib al-kalam and supplies the rest in the margin.) Perhaps we should read: maratib al-kamal fi l-kalam ma'a t-kamal . . .

1313

Cf. pp. 358 ff., below.

1314

For the following remarks, cf. 2:446 f., above.

1315

Cf. Qur'an 5.60 (65), 77 (81).

1316

Cf. p. 936, above, and p. 401, below.

1317

Cf. Bombaci, p. 467, and below, p. 970. Ibn Khaldun uses the term also in connection with the prose of government correspondence, the type of prose composition cultivated by government officials. Cf. pp. 393 f., below.

1318

Abdallah b. Muslim, who was born in 419 [828/29] and died between 270 and 276 [884-89]. Cf. GAL, I, 120 ff.; Suppl., 1, 184 a.

1319

Muhammad b. Yazid, 410-485 [825/26-8981. Cf. GAL, 1, 108 f.; Suppl., I, 168 f.

1320

Cf. p. 287, above.

1321

Ismail b. al-Qasim, 280-956 [893/94-967]. Cf. GAL, I, 194; Suppl., I, 202 f For the date of his birth, 280 seems to be more likely than 288, which is also given. The Nawadir are also known under the title of Amali.

1322

Cf. 2:395, above.

1323

Bulaq and Paris have "the methods and disciplines of poetry."

1324

This sentence is added in C and D.

1325

Ali b. al-Husayn, 484'-356 [897/98-967]. Cf. GAL, 1, 146; SUPPl., I, 225 f.

1326

Cf. 3:304 (n. 1186), above.

1327

Cf. R. Dozy in Journal asiatique, XIV6 (1869), 171; Bombaci, p. 467. On the Aghani, cf. also pp. 366 f. and 389, below.