|
1235 |
Cf.
p. 332, below. |
1236 |
The
relative clause appears in C in the margin and is incorporated
in the text of D. |
1237 |
Cf.
p. 318 (n. 1228), above. |
1238 |
It
seems that af'al
"actions, verbs," is used here to indicate the
fluid, "movable" roots, while dhawat
"essences," refers to the static,
definite categories of nouns, adjectives, and verbal forms that
are meaningful by themselves and produced by prefixes, infixes,
and suffixes. The statement does not refer merely to the
transformation of verbs by means of prefixes, infixes, and
suffixes, into particular verbal forms. |
1239 |
For
the first half of the tradition, cf. the references in
Concordance, I, 365a.
Cf. also Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah
(Cairo, 1353/1934),
I, 224,
and alMas'udi, Muruj
adh-dhahab, IV, 165.
Cf. also below, pp. 345
and 416. |
1240 |
Cf.
p. 346, below. |
1241 |
An
additional "of their own," which appears in the earlier texts,
is omitted in C and D. |
1242 |
The legend that makes 'Ali the driving force
behind the creation of Arabic grammar is often mentioned but is,
of course, unhistorical, as is the role of ad-Du'ali. Cf. GAL,
I, 42 and 96; Suppl., I,
72 and 155; Ibn an-Nadim, Fihrist,
pp. 40 f. (ed. Flugel); pp. 59 ff.
(Cairo, 1348/1929-30). Cf. also F. Rosenthal,
A History of Muslim Historiography, p.
262. |
1243 |
He
lived through most of the eighth century. Cf. GAL, I,100;
Suppl., I,
159 f. Cf. pp. 325 ff., below. |
1244 |
Sibawayh died ca.
800. Cf. GAL, I, 100 ff.;
suppl., I, 160. |
1245 |
Cf.
also p. 356, below. |
1246 |
Al-Hasan b. Ahmad (Muhammad), 288-377 [901-987].
Cf. GAL, I, 11, 3 f.;
suppl., 1, 175 f. Cf.
p. 313, above. |
1247 |
Abd-ar-Rahman b. Ishaq, who died ca.
337 [949]. Cf. GAL, I,
110; Suppl., I, 170 f. |
1248 |
Muhammad b. 'Abdallah, d. 672 [1274]. Cf. GAL, 1,
298 ff.; Suppl., I, 521 ff, |
1249 |
Cf. 2:446, and p.
18, above. |
1250 |
Yahya b. 'Abd-al-Mu'ti az-Zawiwi, d. 628 (12311. Cf. GAL, I,
302 f.; Suppl., I, 530 f. His Durrah al-a fiyah was
the model of Ibn Malik's famous Alflyah. Cf. GAL,
Suppl., I, 522. |
1251 |
Abdallah b. Yusuf, 708-76111309-19601. Cf. GAL, 11, 23
ff.; Suppl., II, 16 ff. Ibn Khaldun mentioned this
passage concerning Ibn Hisham to Ibn Hajar, ad-Durar al-kaminah,
II, 309. Cf. p. 289, above. |
1252 |
The
full title of the work, of which there exist many editions, is
Mughni al-labib'an kutub al-a'drib. There is no need to
assume, with de Slane, that Ibn Khaldun here combined the titles
of two works by Ibn Hisham, the Mughni and the
I'rab ('an qawd'id al-i'rab). |
1253 |
Qur'an 35.1 (1). |
1254 |
Cf.
p. 346, below. |
1255 |
Cf.
p. 312, above. |
1256 |
Cf.
p. 323, above. For him and the other lexicographers mentioned in
this chapter, cf, also J. Kraemer, "Studien zur altarabischen
Lexikographie," Oriens, VI (1953), 201-38. |
1257 |
The
explanation of the calculation was added by C in the margin and
is found in the text of D. The number 756 for two-consonant
words is also indicated in A in a marginal note. |
1258 |
I.e.,
|
1259 |
That would be =
1,592,136, which, however, is much too high. Including
combinations containing the same letter twice (but excluding
combinations consisting of the same letter repeated three times,
which do not occur), the number of three-consonant combinations
would be 283 – 28 = 21,924. This, of course, includes
many impossible combinations. |
1260 |
Actually, as far as we know, al-Khalil did not
indulge in these calculations in the Kitab al-'Ayn, but
they were undertaken by later scholars. Cf. E. Braunlich in
Islamica, II (1926), 74. As-Suyuti, Muzhir (1,
74 f., in a recent, undated, and unreliable Cairo edition), sums
up the discussion as follows. According to the Muwazanah
of Hamzah al-Isfahani (GAL, I, 145;
Suppl., I,
221 f.), al-Khalil stated in the Kitab al-'Ayn
that the number of possible words of two, three, four, and
five consonants is 12,305,412. There are 756 twoconsonant
words, 19,650 (sic leg.)
three-consonant words, 491,400 fourconsonant
words, and 11,793,600 five-consonant words (the sum of these
figures would be smaller by six than the total given before).
According to the abridgment of the Kitab al-'Ayn
by az-Zubaydi (cf. p. 328, below), there are, as-Suyuti
says, 6,659,400 possible combinations, of which 5,620 are in
actual use. There are 756 (sic
leg.)
two-consonant words, of which 489 are
in use. There are 19,650 three-consonant words, of which 4,269
are in use. |
1261 |
Muhammad b. al-hasan, d. 379 [9891. Cf. GAL, I, 100,132 f.; Suppl.,
I, 203. |
1262 |
Isma'il b. Hammad, who died at the beginning of
the eleventh century. Cf.
GAL, 1, 128 f.; Suppl., I, 196 f. The
title of the work is also vocalized as-Sahah. |
1263 |
The
last sentence appears in the margin of C and in the text of D. |
1264 |
Ali
b. Isma'il (Ahmad), ca. 398
[1007/8] to 458 [1066]. Cf. GAL, I,
308 f.; Suppl., I, 542. |
1265 |
He
died in 671 [1272/73]. Cf. 'Ibar, VI, 294 f.; de Slane
(tr.), 11, 369 ft: |
1266 |
I.e., the works of al-Jawhari and Ibn Abil-Husayn. |
1267 |
This
sentence is added in C and D. Kura"s name was 'Ali b. alHusayn, and he lived in the tenth
century. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I,
201. |
1268 |
Muhammad b. al-Hasan, d. 321 [933]. Cf. GAL, I, III f.; Suppl., I, 172 ff. |
1269 |
Muhammad b. al-Qasim, 271-328 [885-940]. Cf. GAL, I,
119; Suppl., 1, 182 f. |
1270 |
Cf n. 104 to this chapter, above. |
1271 |
Bulaq adds: "in its general (conventional) meaning." |
1272 |
Abd-al-Malik b. Muhammad, 350 [961/62] to 429 or
430 [1037-39]. Cf. GAL, I, 284 ff.; Suppl., I, 499 ff. |
1273 |
Ya'qub b. Ishaq, who
died in or after 243 [857]. Cf. GAL, I, 117 f.; Suppl., I, 180 f |
1274 |
Ahmad b. Yahya, 200-291 [815/16-904]. Cf. GAL, I,
118; Suppl., I, 181 f. |
1275 |
Qur'an
15.86(86); 36.81 (81). |
1276 |
The remainder of the section is added in C and D. |
1277 |
Cf. p.
26, above. |
1277a |
Lit., "in the way in which, in the reasoning of jurists . , ." |
1278 |
That is, in jurisprudence, for legal purposes, a word may
be given a certain meaning by analogical reasoning of some sort
or other and be used in that meaning. However, this could not be
done in lexicography, and no meaning gained by a process of
analogical reasoning would be recognized as firmly established.
A jurist might consider nabidh as having the meaning of khamr, because,
like khamr, it can be used for something somehow connected with
grapes. On this basis, a jurist might treat nabidh as forbidden,
just as khamr is forbidden. But it would be improper for a
lexicographer to identify the two words khamr and nabidh
in this way. |
1279 |
Cf. 1:43, above. |
1280 |
He seems to be the famous Shafi'ite Ahmad b. 'Umar,
248-306 [863918]. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 306 f.; al-Khatib al-Baghdidi,
Ta'rikh Baghdad, IV,
287 ff. |
1281 |
Ilm al-bayan.
Cf, pp. 336 f., below, where we find an
explanation of the difficulties the word bayan
presents to the translator. Cf. also pp. 398
ff.,
below. |
1282 |
Cf. p. 320, above. |
1283 |
Cf. p. 399, below. |
1284 |
The
following three lines are found only in Bulaq. |
1285 |
That is,
use of the particle inna "behold." |
1286 |
Cf. p. 345, below,
where the same argument is reported in the name of Khalil's teacher, 'isa
b. 'Umar ath-Thaqafi. Al-Jurjan, Dala'il al-i'jaz
(Cairo, 1331/1913), p. 242, uses it in
connection with an anecdote concerning the philosopher al-Kindi, who
doubted the perfection of the Arabic language and was convinced by the
above story. Cf. F. Rosenthal in Orientalia,
N.S. IX (1942), 273. Al-Jurjan
is quoted by al-Qalqashandi,
Subh al-a'sha (Cairo, 1331-38/1913-19),1,184. |
1287 |
Cf. 1:76 (n. 14), 3:281 (1.
26), above; p. 378
(1. 25), below. |
1288 |
Mahall min al-i'rab
means "to form an integral Grammaire arabe
(2d ed.; Paris, 1831), II,
596. |
1289 |
The
grammatical term for expressions such as "all" or "(him)self" |
1290 |
The grammatical term for a corrected statement, e.g., "I
ate a loafone-third of it." |
1291 |
Cf.
Lane's Arabic-English Dictionary, p.
1154c, s. radice
"rmd." |
1292 |
Balaghah
means both eloquence in oral expression and good
style in written
expression. |
1293 |
Cf. p. 400, below. |
1294 |
Cf. pp.
401 f., below. |
1295 |
For this and the
following terms of the ilm al-badi, one may, for instance,
compare G. E. von Grunebaum, A Tenth-Century Document of Arabic
Literary Criticism (Chicago, 1960), pp. 20 f. (tajnis); 35
(tarsi);
17 ff. (tibaq); and 2 ('ilm
al-badi'). |
1296 |
The idea of tawriyah is more simply expressed
below, p. 401. For the very common term tawriyah, cf. A. F.
Mehren, Die Rhetorik der Araber (Copenhagen & Vienna, 1859), pp.
105 ff. |
1297 |
Not
in Bulaq. |
1298 |
In this case, the word
usually corresponds to "literary criticism." |
1299 |
He seems to be the Barmecide who is credited with
some poetical composition in Ibn an-Nadim, Fihrist, p. 166,1.7
(ed. Flugel); p. 236 (Cairo, 1348/1929-30). He is occasionally quoted as
an authority on eloquence; cf. Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah, I, 214 and
220. However, he is not known to have had any particular significance in
the sense indicated. Perhaps Ibn Khaldun made a mistake here, caused by
the reference to Ja'far b. Qudamah, or Qudamah b. Jafar? |
1300 |
Cf. p. 62, above. |
1301 |
Qudamah b. Ja'ar, who lived ca. 900. Cf. GAL, I, 228; Suppl.,
I, 406 f. |
1302 |
Cf. p. 28,6, above. |
1303 |
Cf. p. 323, above. |
1304 |
Muhammad b. 'Abd-ar-Rahman,
666-739 [1267-1338]. Cf. GAL, I, 296; II, 22; Suppl., 1,
516; II, 16 f. |
1305 |
Cf. Bombaci, p. 467. |
1306 |
Cf.,
for instance, 2:348 f. and 431 f., above. |
1307 |
Cf.
2:446 f., above, and pp. 338 f., below. |
1308 |
Alqab is used again, pp. 371, 401, 405 f., and
409, below. |
1309 |
The first two kinds of the discipline, p.
335, above. |
1310 |
Cf. 1:10 and 2:403, above, and pp. 384, 387, and 445 f.,
below. |
1311 |
For the significance of literary criticism for the
problem of the inimitability of the Qur'an, cf. the work by G. E. von
Grunebaum cited above, n. 1295. |
1312 |
The translation follows the reading suggested by Bulaq: maratib alkalam ma'a
l-kamal, which might be a necessary
correction of maratib al-kamal ma'a l-kalam, found in the MSS. (B
has maratib al-kalam and supplies the rest in the margin.)
Perhaps we should read: maratib al-kamal fi l-kalam ma'a t-kamal . . . |
1313 |
Cf.
pp. 358 ff., below. |
1314 |
For
the following remarks, cf. 2:446 f., above. |
1315 |
Cf. Qur'an
5.60 (65), 77 (81). |
1316 |
Cf. p. 936, above, and p.
401, below. |
1317 |
Cf. Bombaci, p.
467, and below, p. 970. Ibn Khaldun uses the term also in connection
with the prose of government correspondence, the type of prose
composition cultivated by government officials. Cf. pp. 393 f., below. |
1318 |
Abdallah b. Muslim, who was born in 419 [828/29] and
died between 270 and 276 [884-89]. Cf. GAL, I, 120 ff.; Suppl.,
1, 184 a. |
1319 |
Muhammad b. Yazid, 410-485 [825/26-8981. Cf. GAL, 1,
108 f.; Suppl.,
I, 168 f. |
1320 |
Cf. p. 287, above. |
1321 |
Ismail b. al-Qasim,
280-956 [893/94-967]. Cf. GAL, I, 194;
Suppl.,
I, 202 f
For the date of his birth, 280 seems to be more likely than 288, which is also
given. The Nawadir
are also known under the title of Amali. |
1322 |
Cf. 2:395, above. |
1323 |
Bulaq
and Paris have "the methods and disciplines of poetry." |
1324 |
This
sentence is added in C and D. |
1325 |
Ali
b. al-Husayn, 484'-356 [897/98-967]. Cf. GAL, 1, 146; SUPPl.,
I, 225 f. |
1326 |
Cf. 3:304 (n.
1186), above. |
1327 |
Cf.
R. Dozy in Journal asiatique, XIV6 (1869), 171;
Bombaci, p. 467. On the Aghani,
cf. also pp. 366 f.
and 389, below. |
|
|