Certain or self evident data or premisses, i.e. propositions the truth of which is open to direct inspection and requires no appeal to other evidence, like the statement that "two contradictories cannot be predicated of the same object at the same time" or that "a part is less than the whole of which it is the part". See also al-ma‘qulat al-ula and al-muqaddamat al-uwal.

Lit. "to be acted on"; technically the category of "passion" as one of the ten Aristotelian categories (al-maqulat al-‘ashr, q.v.) opposed to the category of "action" (fi‘l, q.v.). See also ‘infi‘al.

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